Term
| What is the simplest and most common method for preservation of a urine sample? |
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Definition
| refrigeration at 4 to 6 C |
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Term
| How can refrigeration interfere with microscopic examination? |
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Definition
| it can induce the precipitation of amorphous urate and phosphate crystals |
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Term
| In order to test a refrigerated urine sample, you must first..? |
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Definition
| let the sample return to room temperature because some tests are temperature dependent |
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Term
| What preservative is used when urine specimens must be transported long distances? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes color change in a urine specimen that is allowed to remain at room temp for longer than 1-2 hours? |
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Definition
| oxidation or reduction of metabolites |
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Term
| What causes increased turbidity in a urine sample that is allowed to remain at room temp. for longer than 1-2 hours? |
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Definition
| bacterial proliferation and possible precipitation of amorphous material |
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Term
| What happens to the pH of a urine sample allowed to remain unpreserved at room temperature for longer than 1-2 hours? |
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Definition
| the pH increases due to the breakdown of urea to ammonia by bacteria |
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Term
| What happens to glucose levels in a urine sample that remains at room temperature for longer than 1-2 hours? |
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Definition
| glucose decreases due to glycolysis and bacterial utilization. |
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Term
| What happens to ketones in a urine sample that is allowed to remain at room temperature for longer than 1-2 hours? |
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Definition
| ketones are decreased because of evaporation and/or bacterial metabolism of acetoacetate to acetone. |
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Term
| What happens to bilirubin in a urine sample that is allowed to remain at room temperature for longer than 1-2 hours? |
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Definition
| bilirubin is decreased because of photo oxidation to biliverdin and hydrolysis to free bilirubin |
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Term
| What happens to urobilinogen in a urine sample that is allowed to remain at room temperature for more than 1-2 hours? |
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Definition
| urobilinogen is decreased because it's oxidized to urobilin |
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Term
| What happens to nitrite levels in a urine sample that remains at room temperature for longer than 1-2 hours? |
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Definition
| nitrites are increased because of bacterial reduction of nitrate. |
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Term
| What is the most commonly recieved type of urine specimen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of urine specimen is considered the ideal screening specimen because it's more concentrated? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do you get a 2-hour post-prandial specimen and what is it good for? |
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Definition
| 2 hours after eating; it's used for glucose testing in monitoring insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus. |
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Term
| What kind of specimen is needed in order to measure the exact amount of a urine chemical, rather than just its presence or absence? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of specimen is commonly requested for bacterial cultures on hospitalized patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an alternative to catheterized specimen for bacterial culture? |
|
Definition
| midstream clean catch specimen |
|
|
Term
| What is the best sample for bacterial culture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pigment causes the yellow color of urine? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the normal range for 24 hour urine output? |
|
Definition
| 600-1800 mL per 24 hour period |
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Term
| The absence of urine formation is called..? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the causes for anuria? |
|
Definition
| conditions that decrease the blood supply to the kidneys- hypotension, hemorrhage, shock, and heart failure. |
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|
Term
| What is the word for diminished amount of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What conditions can cause oliguria? |
|
Definition
| profuse perspiration, vomiting, diarrhea, renal failure |
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|
Term
| What is the word for excessive production of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What conditions are associated with polyuria? |
|
Definition
| diabetes, chronic nephritis, edematous states, hyperthyroidism, excessive intake of fluids |
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|
Term
| what is the word for excessive urination during the night? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Yellow foam in urine specimen could be caused by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Urine containing abundant white foam, resembling beaten egg white, is caused by what? |
|
Definition
| a large concentration of protein or albumin |
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Term
| What is the direct method for measuring specific gravity? |
|
Definition
| urinometer or hydrometer method. |
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Term
| What correction is made to the refractometer result in the presence of glucose? |
|
Definition
| subtract .004 for each g/dL of glucose. |
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Term
| What correction is made to the refractometer result in the presence of protein? |
|
Definition
| subtract .003 for each g/dL of protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the specific gravity of isosthenuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the specific gravity of hyposthenuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the specific gravity of hypersthenuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is fixed specific gravity- specific gravity of 1.010 regardless of fluid intake- associated with? |
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Definition
| severe renal damage- the kidney can no longer carry out its diluting and concentrating functions |
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Term
| If you get a specific gravity result above 1.035, what should you do? |
|
Definition
| measure specific gravity with the reagent strip, which is not affected by high molecular weight substances |
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|
Term
| What is the specific gravity of a specimen diluted 1:2 with a reading of 1.025? |
|
Definition
| 1.050 (multiply decimal portion by dilution factor) |
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