Term
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Definition
However, UN defines megacities
as 10 million or more |
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Term
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Definition
2 aspects of metropolitan
Growth |
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Term
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Definition
social patterns and behaviors
associated with living in cities |
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Term
| First Major Settlements in US |
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Definition
Boston, MA
Charleston, SC
Newport, CT
New York, NY
Philadelphia, PA
Providence, RI |
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Term
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Definition
| 5% of US population was urban |
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Term
| . Invention of railroad led to great city growth |
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Definition
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Term
| New York – 1 million inhabitants by 1860 |
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Definition
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Term
Technology for new industrialization
created concentrated urban centers |
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Definition
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Term
| . By 1900 – 40% urban; by 1950 – 64% urban |
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Definition
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Term
New technologies meant that manu-
facturing and business could take place
over distances |
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Definition
2. Telephone,
Electricity,
Automobile,
Truck |
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Term
. From 1900-1950 – central city was
the dominant to its outerlying metropolitan
Area |
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Definition
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Term
From 1950-21st century – the cities
Became decentralized |
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Definition
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Term
| In America, there are close to 47,000 malls |
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Definition
| In America, there are close to 47,000 malls |
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Term
| Census Bureau data shows that of fastest growing counties |
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Definition
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Term
| Many businesses are attracted to south.. |
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Definition
| relocated given lower land costs, lower taxes, lower wages, low rates of unionization, etc. |
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Term
| 55% of Americans live in the suburbs |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 Contributing Factors to Suburbanization |
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Definition
Governmental policy encouraged
suburbanization
2. Construction of federally financed highways
3. Much of actual cities in certain regions had been
developed up to legal boundaries
4. Cheaper than the city
5. Demographic changes with the baby-boom
6. Data shows Americans want their own homes |
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Term
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Definition
On these maps, it was documented that mostly
white neighborhoods were given the color green, and
predominantly minority areas were given the color red –
a practice known as redlining |
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Term
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Definition
Blockbusting and
White Flight |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Chicago School
Determinist Theory |
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Definition
Chicago School
Determinist Theory |
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Term
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Definition
Associated mostly with Herbert Gans – Columbia University Sociologist – stated that disorganizing aspects of city life which Wirth defined – were only reflective of
some city residents – the composition of people’s
groups were important (particularly local community and primary groups) – mosaic of social worlds |
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Term
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Definition
Urbanites are simply members of mass society.
Argued that Wirth confused urbanization with industrialization
HOWEVER – other research has noted some differences in urban areas such as:
- More tolerance for unpopular ideas; more focus on voluntary ties; density is negatively correlated with helpfulness |
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Term
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Definition
Berkeley sociologist - Claude Fischer did
determine that development of subcultures –
is helped by population density – providing a
critical mass for subcultures to grow
2. Development of gay subcultures ( a look at
San Francisco, Dallas, and Atlanta) |
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Term
| D. Other Notable Aspects of City Populations |
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Definition
Younger than rural counterparts
Gender – in LDCs – less-developed countries –
more males migrate to cities. In HDCs - highly-
developed countries – more single females come to
the city - looking for jobs
3. Race, ethnicity and religion – cities are more
heterogeneous
4. Socioeconomic status – extremes of rich and poor.
Brookings institution showed middle
income metropolitan neighborhoods decreased
from 58% in 1970 to 41% in 2000. |
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Term
B. Claude Fischer Found Three Factors for People to
Engage in Real Neighboring – Less Common in Cities |
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Definition
Functional Interdependence – (e.g., neighborhood
Crime watch patrols)
2. Pre-existence of other relationships and bonds - (i.e.,
Often through children who go to the same school)
3. Have fewer alternatives (e.g., homemakers and
Elderly) |
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Term
No. of homeless in America has been
estimated to be around |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| However, the majority are single men – many with troubled pasts, poor education, mental illness, jail records, and addiction issues. |
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Term
| sro (single room occupancy) |
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Definition
| units have decreased by 80%. The steep decline in manufacturing jobs and other low skill level jobs have limited opportunities for many. |
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Term
| DOJ statistics show that between |
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Definition
| (1993-2010) urban crime has greatly decreased. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| u.s. has highest crime rate industrialized nations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, |
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Definition
| with 2 million people in the criminal justice system (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2002). |
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Term
| . Over the last three decades, the number of prison inmates in the U.S. has increased by |
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Definition
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Term
| . Currently, there are 12 million ex-felons in the United States |
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Definition
| they represent 8% of the working-age population. |
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Term
| 4.Of those released, 2/3 will be charged with new crimes |
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Definition
| and 40% will return to prison. |
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Term
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Definition
| found that more than 60% of the people in prison are now racial and ethnic minorities. |
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Term
| The incarceration rate for young black men in 2000 was nearly |
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Definition
| 10%, compared to a little over 1% for white men. |
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Term
Young black men today have
a |
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Definition
28% chance of being
incarcerated during their lifetime. |
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Term
| black male high school drop outs. |
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Definition
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Term
| War on drugs effort had a disproportionate impact on African Americans. |
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Definition
| Number of black inmates serving drug offenses increased by 60% vs. 46% for white inmates. |
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Term
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Definition
| community policing efforts to prevent vandalism and petty nuisances that detract from quality of life (such as panhandling) actually make community residents feel safer |
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Term
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Definition
| Before 1820s, mostly white and from England or other parts of Western Europe (Scots, Welsh, Germans, etc.) and blacks came first as indentured servants then slaves |
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Term
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Definition
| More than 4 million mostly from Northwestern Europe– English, French, Germans and Canadians, Chinese) |
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Term
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Definition
| 25 million - from Southern and Eastern European societies) – Jewish, Catholic (cities more than 30% foreign born) - growing nativist sentiment led to immigration quotas in 1920s |
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Term
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Definition
| 1965 - present) With Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 – erased country of origin criteria, priority given to family, and those with occupational skills (24 million - mostly from Latin American and Asia). Legal immigration fluctuates between 700,000 to 1 million. Undocumented – 300,000 – an estimated 12 million undocumented immigrants currently live in US. |
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Term
| slavery from the 16th to the 19 century |
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Definition
| estimated 12 million Africans were shipped as slaves to the Americas. Of these, an estimated 645,000 were brought to what is now the United States. first brought as indentured servants then slaves – some slaves in cities were partially free |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 millon blacks left rural south to go to northern industrial society |
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Term
| African Americans make up |
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Definition
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Term
CNN article – “Minorities Expected to Be
Majority In 2050” |
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Definition
2010 Numbers 2050 Numbers
Whites – 65% Whites – 46%
Hispanics – 16% Hispanics – 30%
Blacks – 13% Blacks – 14%
Asians – 4% Asians – 9%
American Indian – 1% American Indian – 1%
2. Important to the revitalization of cities in terms of
population stability, entrepreneurship, and trade |
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Term
| . Hispanics or Latino -all groups |
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Definition
16% of total population
includes 12 million undocumented
. 2/3rds of Hispanics are Mexican descent in U.S.
3. Birth rates are 50% higher than U.S. average;
Growth would continue even if immigration ceased
4. 84% are in metro areas; more than 50% in suburbs
New anti-immigrant legislation (AZ and AL) |
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Term
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Definition
Fast growing ethnic group – between 1990-2010
Asian American population doubled; Fig. 10.3 p.221
2. Dubbed the model minority as income and
education levels are higher than whites
3. Asians have energized some cities– major
Players in Silicon Valley; Korean
grocery stores and
Chinese restaurants |
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Term
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Definition
1% of population – however this is growing as
more people claim Native American heritage
2. Greatest native-born group
to urbanize
3. Some tribes experiencing
great growth in wealth due to
casinos |
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Term
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Definition
| 6-10 yrs family based immigration 6-22 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4/5 of all married couples own homes |
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Term
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Definition
| 55 8-hour work days behind the wheel |
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Term
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Definition
34 megacities – of 10
million or more – only 6 will be in developed world
Table 14.1 – p. 296 |
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Term
| world’s urban population lives in poverty |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
doubling in size every
5 to 7 years |
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Term
| There are approximately........urban squatters |
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Definition
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Term
| Out of a world population of 6.8 billion |
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Definition
- roughly
42% live on less than $1 a day |
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Term
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Definition
| live on less than $2 a day |
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Term
| world population is illiterate |
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Definition
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Term
| billion people are hungry |
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Definition
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Term
are cities that are overwhelming
Large in comparison to other cities in the country, Example, Bangkok is over 20 times larger than
Thailand’s second city, Chiang Mai. |
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Definition
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Term
In many developing countries, .....of cities are
slums |
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Definition
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Term
| High Income Countries include |
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Definition
Western
Europe,U.S., Canada, Australia, New
Zealand,Scandinavian countries,Taiwan,
Hong Kong, and Japan. |
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Term
15% of world’s population, ~1 billion
People yet hold |
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Definition
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Term
47% of world’s population - representing 3
billion people, holds ....... of the wealth |
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Definition
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Term
. 37% of world’s population representing 2.3
billion people holds ........ of the wealth |
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Definition
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Term
| Modernization Theory Cont |
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Definition
| Rich countries were seen as part of the solution, contributing technology, advanced schooling, and foreign aid to poor countries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rich countries are part of the problem, making poor countries economically dependent and in debt. |
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Term
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Definition
| World Systems Theory the world economy benefits rich societies by generating profits for them and harms the rest of the world by causing poverty. |
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Term
African and Latin American
Urbanization |
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Definition
Still least urbanized continent, however,
urbanization is increasing at the highest rate of all
continents
2/3 of urban dwellers in Africa live in slums
AIDS is a major problem – represents 67% of
All AIDS cases in the world – although population is
13% of world total
Wars, government corruption, and political
Instability continue to plague many African countrie |
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Term
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Definition
Estimates vary but the World Bank finds that
58% of region is urbanized; still many rural areas
throughout Latin America.
Of the ten most populated cities, four are in Latin
America (Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and
Buenos Aires)
Urbanization has happened quickly within the last
80 years. |
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Term
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Definition
we be fifth largest world economy after
2014 World Cup and the Olympic Games in 2016 |
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Term
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Definition
has more city dwellers than any continent
population is almost 2/3 of world popula-
tion
However, only 43% of population is urban |
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Term
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Definition
29% urban of 1.2 billion population
Mumbai (Bombay) – 20 million - heart of
Bollywood; gains 10,000 citizens per day; financial
and industrial center but also poverty is shocking –
2 million without shelter
Kolkata (Calcutta) – 16 million – considered cultural
Center, run by local Marxist government – low level
of street crime
1 million without
shelter |
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Term
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Definition
46% urban of 1.3 billion population
Shanghai– largest city in China at 16.7 million-
Characterized by rapid economic growth and pollution
Beijing– 12 million – where government bureau-
crats live – average salary is 4x higher national average
4. Hong Kong – 7 million – highest population density
In the world- substantial middle class |
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Term
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Definition
86% urban of 127.5 million population
Tokyo– largest city in Japan at 28 million-
Economic stagnation but also signs of prosperity are
Evident; planning has not been prioritized as much
As economic growth
Transportation is the finest in the world but still
Crowded; crime is incredibly low in Japan |
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Term
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Definition
Singapore – enjoys highest standard of living in
The world – 4/5 of population live in government-
Built high-rise housing estates – most residents own
Their flats due to different government plans |
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Term
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Definition
Proposed that each family would be allotted at least
One acre that they could farm
Buckminster Fuller and the Geodisic Dome |
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Term
| four factors that have lead to domestication urbanization over last 200 years. |
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Definition
. Invention of railroad. Technology -By 1900 – 40% urban; by 1950 – 64% urban
manu-
facturing and business could take place
over distances Telephone,
Electricity,
Automobile,
Truck |
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