Term
| What does the oral cavity consist of? |
|
Definition
1) Oral cavity proper
2) Vestibule |
|
|
Term
| What is the oral cavity continuous with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mucosa of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
1) mucous membrane (wet)
2) SSE (~epidermis)
- keratinocytes
- Langer's cells
- melanocytes
- Merkel's cells
3) lamina propria (~dermis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the submucosa of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
1) ~hypodermis
2) loose or dense CT
3) fat or salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| What are some variations in the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
1) thickness
2) keratinization
3) permeability |
|
|
Term
| How are mucosae classified? |
|
Definition
1) Masticatory
- gingiva and hard palate
2) Lining
- soft palate
- cheeks
- inner lip
3) Specialized
- papillae on dorsal surface of tongue |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of masticatory mucosae? |
|
Definition
1) Mucosa
2) lamina propria
3) submucosa |
|
|
Term
| What does the mucosa of masticatory mucosae consist of? |
|
Definition
1) keratinized/parakeratinized squamos epithelium
2) 4 layers
- s. basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum |
|
|
Term
| What does the lamina propria of masticatory mucosae consist of? |
|
Definition
1) papillary layer
- tall papillae
- loose CT
2) reticular layer
- dense CT |
|
|
Term
| What does the submucosa of masticatory mucosae consist of? |
|
Definition
1) Overlying palate bones
2) fat anteriorly
3) salivary glands posteriorly
4) collagen bands attached to periosteum
- immobility
- resists friction/shearing forces
5) absent in midline (palatine raphe) |
|
|
Term
| What does the mucosa of lining mucosae consist of? |
|
Definition
1) nonkeratinized SSE
- 3 layers
- s. basale, spinosum, superficiale |
|
|
Term
| What does lamina propria of lining mucosae consist of? |
|
Definition
1) loose CT, shorter papillae
2) elastic fiber layer
- characteristic of lining mucosae
3) taste buds in some regions |
|
|
Term
| What does submucosa of lining mucosae consist of? |
|
Definition
1) salivary glands (mostly mucous)
2) bands of fibers binding to underlying striated muscles
3) soft & movable |
|
|
Term
| Describe the outer side of the lip: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the inner side of the lip: |
|
Definition
1) lining mucosa
2) very thick parakeratinized sst
3) submucosa w/ labial glands (mixed) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the vermilion border (red zone): |
|
Definition
1) keratinized & thick SSE
2) very tall papillae
3) rich blood supply (red)
4) no glands (dry) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the center of the lips: |
|
Definition
1) circular skeletal muscle
- orbicularis oris |
|
|
Term
| Where are papillae & associated taste buds found in specialized mucosae? |
|
Definition
| dorsal surface of tongue in papillary region |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of papillae in specialized mucosae? |
|
Definition
1) Filiform
2) Fungiform
3) Circumvallate
4) Foliate |
|
|
Term
| Describe filiform papillae: |
|
Definition
1) most numerous
2) keratinized sse
3) found in entire papillary region
4) no taste buds |
|
|
Term
| Describe fungiform papillae: |
|
Definition
1) many, mushroom-shaped
2) keratinized sse
3) small # of taste buds on dorsal surface |
|
|
Term
| Describe circumvallate papillae: |
|
Definition
1) 8-12
2) large, dome-shaped
3) taste buds on lateral surface
4) Von Ebner's glands (serous)
5) flushing out old stimuli from trenches |
|
|
Term
| Describe foliate papillae: |
|
Definition
1) lateral infoldings of the tongue
2) taste buds on lateral surface
3) serous glands
4) more evident in infants & rabbits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the sensory cells of taste buds: |
|
Definition
1) light staining
2) round nuclei
3) neuroepithelial cells w/o axons
4) microvilli at taste pore
5) turnover at ~10 days |
|
|
Term
| Describe the supporting cells of taste buds: |
|
Definition
1) dark cells
2) more elongated nuclei
3) also have more microvilli at taste pore
4) turnover at ~10 days |
|
|
Term
| Describe the basal cells of taste buds: |
|
Definition
1) at bottom of taste bud
2) stem cells
3) dividing & differentiating into sensory or supporting cells |
|
|
Term
| How are taste buds innervated? |
|
Definition
1) Nerve fibers
- VII
- IX
2) stimulated by neurotransmitters from sensory cells
3) chemical synapses |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 taste modalities? |
|
Definition
1) sweet
2) salty
3) bitter
4) acid
5) umami (savory) |
|
|
Term
| Are all the taste modalities mediated by the same pathways? |
|
Definition
No
1) salty & sour
- direct activation of ion channels
2) sweet & bitter
- indirectly through G-protein coupled receptors
3) bitter
- Go -> IP3 -> Ca 2+
4) umami
- L-Glu -> mGluR4 -> Gi |
|
|
Term
| Do different regions have the same sensitivity to taste sensations? |
|
Definition
No
1) sweet at the tip
2) salt & sour at lateral edges
3) bitter/umami at posterior |
|
|
Term
| What are the major salivary glands? |
|
Definition
1) Parotid
2) Submandibular
3) Sublingual |
|
|
Term
| What are the largest type of salivary gland? |
|
Definition
1) Parotid
2) 30%
3) serous glands, anterior to ears
4) lobes & lobules |
|
|
Term
| Describe the acini of parotid glands: |
|
Definition
1) deep staining
2) secretory granules (zymogen):amylase
3) round nuclei
4) produce saliva
5) surrounded by myoepithelial cells
- contract to help release contents |
|
|
Term
| What are acini of parotid glands? |
|
Definition
1) blind sacs
2) all serous cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ducts of parotid glands: |
|
Definition
1) for saliva flow
2) 3 types |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of ducts in parotid glands? |
|
Definition
1) Intercalated
2) Striated
3) Excretory |
|
|
Term
| What are intercalated ducts? |
|
Definition
1) in parotid glands
2) intralobular
3) smaller than acinus
4) simple cuboidal
5) secrete bicarbonate
6) absorb chloride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) in parotid glands
2) intralobular
3) larger than acinus
4) light staining
5) low columnar
6) basal striations
- membrane infoldings
- large # of elongated mito
7) Na+ resorption, K+ secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are excretory ducts? |
|
Definition
1) parotid gland
2) interlobular
3) large & irregular lumen
4) (pseudo)stratified columnar
5) surrounded by dense CT
6) connected to oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| Describe the flow of saliva: |
|
Definition
1) Acini
2) Intercalated ducts
3) Striated ducts
4) secretory ducts |
|
|
Term
| What type of glands produces 60% of salivary output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe submandibular glands: |
|
Definition
1) 90% serous acini
2) 10% mucous acini
- capped w/ serous demilunes
3) long striated ducts (clusters on x section)
4) mucous cells
- mucinogen granules
- lightly stained (lost mucinogen cells)
- flattened, basal nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Describe sublingual glands: |
|
Definition
1) 5% salivary output
2) relatively small
3) mixed glands
- predominantly mucous cells
4) some mucous acini capped w/ serous demilunes
5) regional variations in serous cells
- no more than 50%
6) Poorly developed intercalated ducts & striated ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) ~5% salivary output
2) submucosae
- palates
- tongue
- lips
- cheeks
3) mostly mucous, some serous
4) short ducts emptying directly into oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of saliva? |
|
Definition
1) Moistening - watery
2) Digestion - amylase
3) Wound healing - EGF
4) Teeth maintenance - protein coating
- source of calcium phosphate
5) anti-viral
- anti HIV factor
- reduce HIV infection
6) Antibacterial
- lysosomes to kill bacteria
7) Immunologic protection
- plasma cells -> IgA -> dimer -> transported to lumen
8) IgA deficiency -> infections in upper GI, guts |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of teeth? |
|
Definition
1) feeding/chewing
2) hunting/fighting
3) speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) 20 deciduous
2) 32
- 28 permanent
- w/o counting wisdom teeth |
|
|
Term
| What is the crown of a tooth? |
|
Definition
1) above gum
2) changes w/ time
3) covered by enamel |
|
|
Term
| What is the root of a tooth? |
|
Definition
| 1) anchored in alveolar bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) bulk of tooth
2) bone-like structure
- 70% hydryoxyapatite
- 30% organic (type I collagen)
3) dentinal tubes
4) produced by odontoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) covering of dentin in crown region
2) acellular, translucent, hardest tissue in body
3) 96% inorganic (hydroxyapatite crystals)
4) enamel rods (prisms), interred enamel
5) produced by ameloblasts
6) cannot be replaced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) covering of dentin in root region
2) 50-50% organic:inorganic
- collage, ground substance
3) produced by cementocytes (from cementoblasts)
- lacuna, canaliculi
4) acellular cementum in erupted tooth
- upper part (no cementocytes)
5) cellular cementum in erupted tooth
- lower part
- outside
- lacunae & canaliculi
- no gap junctions b/w process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) loose CT
- fibroblasts
- lymphocytes
- fine collagen
2) BV's & nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of dental pulp? |
|
Definition
1) nutritive to odontoblasts
2) sensory
- pain reception
3) protective (inflammatory responses) |
|
|
Term
| What are peridontal ligaments? |
|
Definition
1) anchor roots into alveolar bone
2) Sharpey's fibers
- type I collagen
- loose CT, elastic fibers
3) highest turnover of collagen in body
- collagen synthesis is vitamin-C dependent |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of peridontal ligaments? |
|
Definition
1) attachment & support
2) exert tension for bone remodeling during tooth movement
3) provide nutrition to adjacent structures
4) Transduce proprioception
5) Aid in tooth eruption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) bone sockets for teeth
2) contain immature bone
3) regions of deposition/absorption
4) recession in disease & w/ age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Gingiva mucosa
- keratinized sse
- tall papillae
- bound to bone or cementum by collagen & elastic fibers
2) Crevicular epithelium
- gingival sulcus
3) Attachment (junctional) epithelium
- non-keratinized, no papillae
- attached to tooth surface by hemidesmosomes
- weak barrier to bacteria infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) pellicle
- surface coating
- layer of proteins & glycoproteins derived from the saliva
2) Dental plaque
- pellicle laden w/ dead epithelial cells, inorganic compounds, bacteria
3) Calculus
- mineralized plaque
4) Dental caries
- demineralization of enamel &/or dentin by acid products
5) Fluoride treatment
- rendering mineral crystals more resistant to acid dissolution |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of tooth development? |
|
Definition
1) Bud Stage
2) Cap stage
3) Bell Stage
4) Apposition stage
5) Root formation stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) dental lamina (invagination or oral epithelium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) enamel organ
- 3 layers
- outer
- inner
- stellate reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) 4 layers of enamel organ
- + stratum intermedium |
|
|
Term
| What is the apposition stage? |
|
Definition
| 1) formation of dentin & enamel |
|
|
Term
| What is the root formation stage? |
|
Definition
1) after enamel formation
2) root elongation
3) tooth eruption
4) cementum formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) surrounding CT -> periodontal structures |
|
|
Term
| What is the embryological origin of odontoblasts? |
|
Definition
1) induced from mesenchymal cells by epithelium
2) produce predentine -> dentine
3) contain matrix vesicles for calcification
4) Abacus bodies
5) Odontoblast process occupies dentine tubles
6) present throughout life
- slowly produce dentine
- even in adults |
|
|
Term
| What are the embryological origins of ameloblasts? |
|
Definition
1) tall columnar cells from epithelium
2) secretory stage
- matrix production by Tome's processes
3) Maturation-stage
- matrix maturation
- transport calcium phosphate
- remove amelogenins & ameloblastins
- not enamelins or tuft proteins
4) degenerate after tooth eruption
- do not regenerate |
|
|
Term
| Describe a permanent tooth: |
|
Definition
1) Side growth of dental lamina
2) Remain dormant for a long time
3) Similar processes & mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| Where are the mesenchymal derived cells derived from? |
|
Definition
| 1) neural crest (all but ameloblasts) |
|
|
Term
| Do permanent teeth regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
