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THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES
-OUR INTUITION AND COMMON SENSE CAN LEAD US ASTRY |
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| FINDING THAT SOMETHING HAS HAPPENED MAKES IT INEVITABLE- "I KNEW IT ALL ALONG PHENOMENON" |
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| SMART THINKING-EXAMINES ASSUMPTION, DISCERNS, HIDDEN VALUES, EVALUATE EVIDENCE, AND ASSESSES CONCLUSIONS-ASKS QUESTIONS |
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Definition
1. MAKE OBSERVATIONS
2. FORM THEORIES TO EXPLAIN THE OBSERVATIONS
3.MAKE NEW OBSERVATIONS TO TEST THE THEORY
4. USE NEW OBSERVATIONS TO MODIFY AND IMPROVE THE THEORY |
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| A SET OF PRINCIPLES THAT ORGANIZEDS AND PREDICTS OBSERVATIONS |
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| A PREDICTION WE CAN PUT TO TEST |
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| A STATEMENT OF PROCEDURES(OPERATIONS) USED TO DEFINE VARIABLES IN RESEARCH |
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| REPEATING AN EXPERIMENT TO SEE IF A SIMILAR RESUL IS OBTAINED |
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STUDY ONE PERSON VERY VERY CAREFULLY-ABLE TO GO INTO ALOT OF DEPTH ABOUT THAT PERSON AND MAKE GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE LIKE THEM
-others may not have the same attitudes or behaviors as ppl in case study |
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FALSE CONSENSUS EFFECT
-how to avoid it? |
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ATTENDANCY TO OVERESTIMATE THE EFECT TO WHICH OTHER PEOPLE HAVE THE SAME ATTITIUDE AND BEHAVIOR AS YOURSELF
-avoid with a survey |
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| A MEASURE OF PEOPLE'S SELF REPORTED ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS |
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| EVERYONE IN THE GROUP YOU ARE STUDYING |
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| found in a survey of womens sexual attitudes to women's groups and only got 4500 of 10,000 questionnaires backs- 95% of women felt emotionally abused while the national sample was only 10% |
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OBSERVING BEHAVIOR IN A NATURAL ENVIRONMNET WITHOUT MANIPULATING OR CONTROLLING IT
-Jane Goodall- studied socialist behavior of the Great Apes in their environment |
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OBSERVING BEHAVIOR IN A NATURAL ENVIRONMNET WITHOUT MANIPULATING OR CONTROLLING IT
-Jane Goodall- studied socialist behavior of the Great Apes in their environment |
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| ONE THING IS ASSOCIATED WITH ANOTHER, WHEN ONE THING CHANGES THE OTHER SEEMS TO CHANGE ALONG WITH IT |
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| WHEN ONE THING CHANGES THE OTHER SEEMS TO CHANGE IN THE SAME DIRECTION |
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| WHEN ONE THING GOES IN ONE DIRECTION, THE OTHER THINGS SEEMS TO GO IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION |
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CORRELATION COEFFIENT EXAMPLES
what is correlation coefficient of .7,.5? |
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Definition
you must multiply it by itself
0.49 and 0.25 |
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| Does correlation demonstrate causation? |
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YOU BELIEVE THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 THINGS BUT IT IS REALLY AN ILLUSION- WE BELIEVE THINGS ARE CORRLEATED AND NOTICE AND REMEMBER THE TIMES IT IS TRUE AND IGNORE OR FORGET THE TIMES WHEN IT IS NOT TRUE
ex. when there is a full moon, more babies are born |
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Term
1. how do we percieve random patterns?
2. most common mistake?
3. example of unlikely event? |
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Definition
1. we as humans do not percieve them accurately
2. looking at random patterns and thinking there is a pattern
3. woman bought a lottery ticket, won, bought more lottery tickets and won again |
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| correlation does not tell us about causation, what can? |
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| RESEARCH METHOD IN WHICH AN INVESTIGATOR MANIPULATES ONE OR MORE FACTORS, CALLED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES, TO OBSERVE THEIR EFFECT ON BEHAVIORS OR MENTAL PROCESSES, WHICH WOULD THEN BE DEPENDENT VARIABLES |
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Definition
| FACTORS BEING MANIPULATED OR CHANGED IN THE EXPERIMENT |
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| THE FACTORS BEING MANIPULATED OR CHANGED IN THE EXPERIMENT |
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| THE PARTICIPANTS THE PEOPLE OR ANIMALS BEING STUDIED OR EXPERIMENTED ON |
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| THE PARTS OF THE EXPERIMENT THAT EXPOSE SUBJECTS TO THE TREATMENT, TO ONE VERSION OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES; THESE SUBJECTS ARE THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS, THE SUBJECTS YOU TRY OUT THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE |
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| THE CONDITIONS YOU USE OR COMPARISON, TO SEE IF THE EXPERIMENTAL CHANGED THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES. |
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| THE SUBJECTS YOU USE TO COMPARE THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS TO, TO SEE IF THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS REALLY CHANGED IN A MEANINGFUL WAY ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES |
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| ASSIGNING PARTICIPANTS TO THE EXPERIMNETAL CONDITIONS AND GROUPS OR THE CONTROL CONDITIONS AND GROUPS BY CHANCE SO THAT EACH PARTICIPANT IS EQUALLY LIKELY TO BE IN ONE OR THE OTHER(minimizes the differences b/w participants in the experimental group and the control groups, so that differences in results are likely to be due to diff. in the independenct variables) |
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| NEITHER THE EXPERIMENTER OR THE EXPERIMENTEE KNOWS WHO IS GETTING THE PLACEBO |
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| AN INERT OR INCONSEQUENCE SUBSTANCE OR TREATMENT DESIGNED TO MAKE SUBJECTS THINK THEY ARE GETTING THE REAL THING |
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| AN INERT OR INCONSEQUENCE SUBSTANCE OR TREATMENT DESIGNED TO MAKE SUBJECTS THINK THEY ARE GETTING THE REAL THING |
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| THE PEOPLE EVALUATINGOR THE PEOPLE BEING TESTED KNOW WHO HAS WHICH THING; CONTROLS FOR EXPECTATION IN BOTH PERSONS |
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| WHAT VERY IMPORTANT GENERAL PRINCIPLE DO SUCH STUDIES ILLUSTRATE? |
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Definition
| EXPECTATIONS OF BOTH SUBJECTS AND EXPERIMENTERS MUST BE CONTROLLED FOR |
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THE ODDS THAT THE RESULT OBSERVED, OFTEN DIFFERENCES B/W GROUPS OR CORRELATIONS B/W VARIABLES, COULD HAVE HAPPENED JUST BY CHANCE
-indicates liklihood that a result will happen by chance, does not indicate the importance of the result |
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| accepted levels of statistical significance? |
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Definition
not statisticaly significant unless the odds of its occuring by chance are less than 5%
-ask magnitude and reliablility |
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Term
| relationship b/w psychological and biological aspects of behavior? |
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Definition
| everything psychological is simultaneously biological |
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Term
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Definition
| THE LINKS B/W BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR |
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Term
| TERMS FOR BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS |
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Definition
| BIOPSYCHOLOGISTS, NEUROPSYCHOLOGISTS, BEHAVIRAL NEUROSCIENTISTS, OR PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS |
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Term
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Definition
AN INDIVIDUAL NERVE CELL-BASIC BUILDING BLOCK OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
-CELL BODY
-DENDRITES
-AXON
-MYELIN SHEATH |
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Definition
| THE MAIN PART OF THE CELL, THE LIFE SUPPORT CENTER OF THE CELL |
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Term
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| BUSHY, BRANCHING EXTRENSIONS FROM THE CELL BODY THAT RECIEVE MESSAGES AND CONDUCT IMPULSES TO THE CELL BODY(INPUT END) |
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| AN ELONGATED PART OF THE CELL ON THE OPPOSITE END FROM THE DENDRTRITES, ENDING IN TINY FIBERS THATE SEND MESSAGES TO OTHER NEURONS OR SOMETIMES TO MUSCLES OR GLANDS, DEPENDING ON WHICH TYPE OF CELL THEY ARE ADJACENT TO (OUTPUT END) |
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Definition
A LAYER OF SEGMENTED FATTY TISSUE SURROUNDING THE AXON, THAT GREATLY SPEEDS UP THE TRANSMISSION OF NEURAL IMPULSES
-can get demeyelating diseases that make you have memory loss if you don't have myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| A NEURAL IMPULSE, A BRIEF ELECTRICAL CHARGE THAT TRAVELS DOWN AN AXON- very rapid, real electricity may be as slow as 2 miles an hour to 200 mi. an hour. Neurons recieve signals from hundreds of thousands of other neurons |
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Definition
| SIGNALS INTENDED TO GET THE NEURON FIRING |
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Term
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Definition
| SIGNALS INTENDED TO KEEP THE NEURON FROM FIRING |
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| THE LEVEL OF STIUMULATION THAT IS REQUIRED TO TRIGGER A NEURAL RESPONSE |
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Definition
| THE JUNCTION BW THE TIP OF THE AXON OF THE SENDING NEURON AND THE DENDRITE OR CELL BODY OF THE RECEIVING NEURON |
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SYNAPTIC GAP/SYNAPTIC CLEFT
-how small is it? |
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Definition
THE TINY GAP BW THE TWO NEURONS
- less than one/millionth of inch wide |
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Term
REUPTAKE
-are all neurotransmitters the same? |
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Definition
THE PROCESS BY WHICH EXCESS NEUROTRANSMITTER CHEMICALS ARE REABSORBED BY THE SENDING NEURON
-no , diff chem. prop. an shapes but diff receptor sites recieve diff chemicals properites, if cant find one that fits then...reuptake!! |
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Term
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Definition
ENDOGENOUS(FROM WITHIN) MORPHINE
NATURAL OPITATE-LIKE NEUROTRANSMITTERS PRODUCED IN YOUR BRAIN, THAT ARE LINKED TO PAIN CONTROL AND TO PLEASURE |
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| ALL THE NERVE CELLS OF THE BODY |
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Term
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Definition
| THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD |
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Term
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Definition
| THE SENSORY AND MOTER NEURONS THAT CONNECT THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE REST OF THE BODY |
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Term
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Definition
| NEURAL "CABLES" THAT CONTAIN MANY AXONS, BUNDLED TOGETHER, THAT ARE PART OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, CONNECTING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE MUSCLES, GLANDS, AND SENSE ORGANS |
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Definition
| NEURONS THAT CARRY INCOMING INFO FORM THE SENSE RECEPTRORS(IN EYES EARS AND SKIN) TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Definition
| NEURONS THAT COMMUNICATE BW THE SENSORY AND THE MOTOR OUTPUTS |
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| NEURONS THAT CARRY OUTGOING INFOR FORM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE MUSCLES AND GLANDS |
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| A DIVISION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, CONTROLLING THE BODY'S VOLUNTARY SKELETAL MUSCLES AND GLANDS |
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| PART OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, CONTROLLING THE GLANDS AND THE MUSCLES OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS THAT OPERATE AUTOMATICALLY: SYMPHATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND PARASYMPHATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Definition
| THE DIVISION OF THE AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM THAT AROUSES THE BODY AND MOBILIZES ITS ENERGY |
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| PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Definition
| THE OTHER DIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, THAT CALMS THE BODY AND CONSERVES ITS ENERGY |
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Term
1. # OF CORTICAL NEURONS?
2. # OF CONTACTS W/ OTHER NEURONS DOES EACH INDIVIDUAL NEURON HAVE?
3. hOW MANY CORTICAL SYSNAPTIC CONNECTIONS DOES THAT CREATE? |
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Definition
1. 30 BILLION NEURONS
2. CONTACT WITH APROX 10,000 OTHER NEURONS
3. 300 TRILLION POTENTIAL SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS |
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| SET OF GLANDS THAT SECRETE HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD STREAM-interact with nervous system, move along slowly |
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| CHEMICAL MESSNEGERS, MOSTLY MANUFACTURED BY THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS THAT ARE PRODUCED IN ONE PART OF THE BODY BUT HAVE EFFECTS ELSEWHERE |
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Definition
| A PAIR OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS JUST ABOVE THE KIDNEYS THAT SECRETE THE HORMONES EPINEPHRINE(ADRENALINE) AND NONREPINEPHRINE(NONADRENALINE) WHICH AROUSE THE BODY IN TIMES OF STRESS |
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Definition
| PEA SIZED STRUCTURE LOCATED IN BASE OF BRAIN AND CONTROLLED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS; THE MOST INFLUENTIAL GLAND IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, CONTROLLING THE OTHER ENDORCRINE GLANDS AND REGULATING GROWTH IN THE BODY- brain can stimulate glands into releasing hormones |
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