Term
Innate Body Defenses-1st line of defense
A. Non Aggressive Types of Defense: |
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Definition
1) Intact skin: physical and chemical barrier
2) Mucous membrane: hair, cilated cells, tears, saliva, & mucous
3) Normal Flora: "barrier" and bacteriocin prod,--> (chemical product)
4) Gastrointestinal Tract: stomach w/ low pH, digestive juices, & bile |
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Term
Innate Body Defenses-1st line of defense
A. Non Aggressive Types of Defense: cont. |
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Definition
5) Blood Brain Barrier: ependymal cells and astrocytes (2nd line- microglial cells aka phagocytes in the regio
6) Oxygen Tension: aerobic~lungs & anaerobic~intestines *keep certain micr. out*
7) Iron Levels: require Fe++, during infection-->hypoferremia which is iron levels slightly low causing certain micrb. to die bc lack of iron.
8) Defecation & Vomiting: ridding microbes |
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Term
Innate Body Defenses-1st line of defense
A. Non Aggressive Types of Defense: cont. |
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Definition
9) Fever: release of pyrogens
Benefits of a "low grade" fever- Increase in the following= immunce mechanism, phagocytes, interferon, & growth of certain microbes |
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Term
Innate Body Defenses-1st line of defense
B) Aggressive Types of Defense: 3 types |
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Definition
1) Lysozyme: *going after/breakdown of* gram positive bacteria
- Found in~ tears, saliva, prespiration & granules of neutrophils
- Resistant of lysozyme~ capsules bc of slippery coating
2) Sebum: fatty acids, toxic to gram negatives |
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Term
Innate Body Defenses-1st line of defense
B) Aggressive Types of Defense: continued... |
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Definition
3) Cydal Agents:
a) Compliment= gram neg. & virues
- Serum protein - Exists in "inactive" state
- Actived when body temp rises
- Once activated, it attaches to the microbe & destroys it
b) Properdin
- In serum & destroys various microbes
- Rare Blood Disorder= paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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Term
B) Aggressive Types of Defense:
Cydal agents continued... |
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Definition
c) Interferon= antiviral protein
- All cells produce interferon in small amounts
- Protects uninfected cells from being infected by the virus
-Given in large doses for various therapeutic reasons (Hep B&C)
d) Leukins= produced by leukocytes (WBC)
e) Plakins= produced by platlets
f) Lactoferrin= breask milk, tears & neutrophils
g) Transferrin= serum productions, regulates the absorption, transport, & metablism of Fe++
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Term
Phagocystosis Defenses- 2nd Line of Defense
A) Phagocytosis Def. & Stages: |
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Definition
- Cells that are capable of ingesting microbes, debris, and other foreign matter
Phagocytosis= 5 Steps:
1) Chemotaxis- move to area of infection
2) Adherance- *Opsonization- opsonin protein sticky
3) Ingestion- Phagocytic vacuoles or phagosome
4) Digestion- lysosomes
5) Release |
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Term
Phagocystosis Defenses- 2nd Line of Defense
B) Types of Phagocytic Cells: 2 types Gran. & Agran
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Definition
TYPE 1=Wandering or Free Phagocytes:
Granulocytes=
-Neutrophils (most abd)
-Eosinophils
-Basophils (lst abd)-*phagocytic*
Agranulocytes=
-Monocytes
- Lymphocytes- *Ab. prod. or humoral defenses*
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Term
Phagocystosis Defenses- 2nd Line of Defense
B) Types of Phagocytic Cells: NEUTROPHILS
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Definition
1) Neutrophils: 60-70% total WBC (12 microns)
Very pathogenic- 1st WBC @ infection
Scavenger cells
Granules- lysozyme & lactoferrin (reg. iron levels)
Leukocytosis- acute infections and neutrophilia (Incr. in WBC)
Leukopenia/neutropenia- Decrease in WBC
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Term
Phagocystosis Defenses- 2nd Line of Defense
B) Types of Phagocytic Cells: EOSINOPHILS
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Definition
2) Eosinophils: 2-4% total WBC (13 microns)
Some phagocytic activity
Role in allergies (hypersensitivity)
Granules- histamine (1/3 of blood supply & can vasodilate)
Eosinophila- allergies and parasitic infections |
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Term
Phagocystosis Defenses- 2nd Line of Defense
B) Types of Phagocytic Cells: BASOPHILS & MONOCYTES
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Definition
3) Basophils: 0.5-1% WBC
Some phagocytic activity
Important role in graft rejection and viral immunity
Granules- heparin, serotonin, histamine (1/3 blood supply)
4) Monocytes: 3-8% of total WBC -Largest WBC- *16-20 microns*
Not phagocytic while in blood but a macrophage when it enters tissue -Monocytosis- certain bacterial infections (TB, rickettsials infections), protozoa, & fungal infections |
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Term
Phagocystosis Defenses- 2nd Line of Defense
B) Types of Phagocytic Cells: |
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Definition
TYPE TWO= Fixed Phagocytes or Histiocytes:
a) Alveolar macrophages- lungs
b) Kupffer cells- liver
c) Lymphocytic macrophages- lymph nodes
d) Microglial cells- brain & CNS
e) Osteoclasts: bones
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Term
Inflammatory Response-
Definition:
Inflammatory Response-
General Body Reactions: |
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Definition
- Sum of reactions in the body incited by injury
1) Vasodilation:
increase in diameter of blood vessels, vascular permeability, blood flow from capillaries to damaged tissue, edema swelling
Types- bradykin, kinin, histamine (eosino. & baso.), & sertonin (platelets & baso.) |
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Term
Inflammatory Response-
General Body Reactions: contin. |
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Definition
2) Hemostatic Plug: fibrin clot (wall-off)
3) Puss formation: dead cellls & body fluids
4) Chemotaxis: phagocytes move to injured area
5) Margination: WBC cling to the lining of blood vessels
6) Diapedesis: phagocytic WBC move from blood to tissue, fever incites this process
7) Neutrophils: 1st to arrive w/in hrs, 4-5 fold increase
8) Monocytes: arrive in 12hrs, enter tissue & become macrophages
9) Eosinophils & Basophils appear 10) Antibody formation |
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Term
Inflammatory Response-
Tissue Repair: |
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Definition
1) Fibrinolysis: plasminogen converted to plasmin which breaks down fibrin clot
2) Fibroblasts: formation of scar tissue |
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