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| scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in their natural environments |
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| How a behavior occurs/is modified |
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| Why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection |
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received nobel prize in 1973 with von frisch for studies on behavioral ecology
studied fixed action patterns and spatial learning
understanding any behavior requires answering 4 Qs:
- What stimulus elicits the behavior and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
- How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
- How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
- What is the behavior’s evolutionary history? |
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studied european honeybees to see how they communicated to each other the presence or absence of food nearby
received nobel prize in 1973 with tinbergen for studies on behavioral ecology |
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sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried to completion (Tinbergen’s work)
- Triggered by an external cue (sign stimulus) |
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external cue that triggers fixed action pattern(e.g.: male 3-spined stickleback fish that attacked other males that invaded their territories)
- The red color of intruder’s underside triggered attack behavior |
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formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual/object.
- sensitive period, triggered by visual or chemical stimuli |
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a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information
- cry wolf effect |
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| proposes that foraging behavior is a compromise btwn benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food. Natural selection should favor foraging behavior that maximizes energy intake and minimizes expenditure |
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ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource
leads to reduced variation among males - example of intrasexual selection |
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| a change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus |
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| oriented movement toward (positive taxis) or away from (negative taxis) some stimulus |
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| trial-and-error learning; animal learns to associate its behaviors with reward or punishment and then tends to repeat/avoid that behavior |
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| Classic Conditioning (Pavlov) |
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| arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome |
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limited developmental phase when certain behavior are learned
(imprinting) |
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| 2 behaviors that affect fitness most directly |
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| selflessness; when animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of other individuals in the population |
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| the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives, who share many of those genes, to produce offspring |
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Natural selection favors altruism when rB > C
-Benefit to recipient (B)
-Cost to altruist (C)
-Coefficient of relatedness (r): equals the fraction of genes that on average are shared |
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