Agriculture

The tending of crops and LIVESTOCK to produce food

Big step in developing settlements

Animal Domestication

Training animals to work for humans. Also, more generally, when animals are dependent of humans for the basic needs of survival. became possible with settlements.

First Agricultural Revolution

Huge population increase, also known as the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution. Transformation from Hunting and Gathering to settlements and agriculture. Part of first stage in DTM

Plant Domestication

Plants are domesticated when they are dependent of the help of humans in order to stay alive.

Sauer says the hearth is north of the Bay of Bengal, but his ideas aren't widely accepted

Second Agricultural Revolution

Tools and equipment were modified for farming. Soil preperation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting were improved.

Productivity increased to meet rising demands 

Shifting Cultivation

A form of farming that is still practiced today in tropical areas. The soil in these areas are temporarily fertile and so famers use this plot of land until the nutrients are gone. They then move to another tropical section and restart their farm.

Fact: It is also called the slash-and-surn agriculture because in order to clear the land, trees, shrubs and plants are burned down and the ashes form a layer at the top of the soil adding to it's fertility.

Subsistence Farming

Farmers who grow only enough food for their own survival. Some farmers stay in one place but many others practice shifting cultivation.

Third Agricultural Revolution

This agrictultural revolution is in action today. It is the development of foods in laboratories and large manufacturing plants. It is based on the modern techniques of genetic engineering.

Thunian Patterns

The location of farms are not always based on the Thunen Model, these are patterns are those of what he observed and recorded and created in a model/diagram.

Cadastral System

A system adapted to delineate property lines. THey were in places where settlements could be regulated by law.

Dispersed Settlement

 Intensively cultivated land, but my machine and not by hand. The land is lies quite far apart

Nucleated Settlement

Most prevalent residential pattern. Settlement is localized around a central point. Farms are small and productive so that the farmers can still live in the village and still go to their farm. Everything is close together and organized

Functional Differentiation

The differentiation of buildings and shelters in a location.

EX: Africa has shelters that may be very similar to that of earlier settlements, while other parts of the same coninent have buildings and more developed housing.

BRICK

In Middle East, SW United States, and Mexico:

a mixture of wet mud, with straw, poured into wooden frames and allowed to dry briefly then placed into the sun to harden.

Wattle

Houses built from sticks and poles that are woven tightly together. These houses can also be a mix of mud bricks and sticks and poles. The tightly woven net being the roof and the mud bricks sustaining the structure.

These Houses are Mainly Found in the LDC's

Folk-Housing Regions

 Three regions on the north/Mid eastern coast of the United States, that diffused west as far at Missouri, Iowa, and Arkansas. The three housing structures that diffused are New England, Middle Atlantic, and Southern styled homes

Maladaptive Diffusion

When diffusion occurs because of looks instead of practicality.

Example: Folk-Housing Regions, The diffusion of the ranch styled homes were adapted into locations that didn't necessarily need the structure of the home for ranch purposes but instead for favorability of the looks.

Hamlets

Smallest clusters of settlements that contain only about a dozen buildings

Village

a settlement in which the majority of the population was involved in primary activity and incestmed little time in public infrastructure.

but now, with industrialization, the line between rural and urban is blurring and so villages are now defined by the number of people living in an area.

Primogeniture

A Germanic system in which all land owned is inherited by the oldest son.

Rectuangular Survey System

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A system used to organize and arrange towns and developements. The Rectangular system is 24 square miles long and wide and is divided into four six mile squared townships. This is known as the Township-and-range system.

Township-and-range System

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A township is a six square mile section of the rectangular survey system. Each township is divided into 36 1-square mile ranges.

Metes and Bounds Survey

Another example of a Cadastral System. Used in Canada and the United States, it creates boundaries based on physical environments.

Long-Lot Survey

A system that divides land into long narrow parcels that stratch back from ricers, roads or canals. examples in the United States are Texas, and Louisiana. Also, Quebec in Canada.

Agribusiness

A term used to describe the transformation of agriculture that has brought it into the Third Agricultural Revolution.