The storing of information and stimuli as to either be used then or later.

Ex. Memory can be compared to how a computer stores information as to be used later by an operator.

The process of taking seemingly useless stimuli and turning it into meaningful patterns.

Ex. When a professor speaks, the mind turns the stuff coming out of his/her mouth into words.

Encoding is the process of taking stimuli, identifying it, and then taking meaning from it and then storing it into a level of memory.

Ex. Reading a book and retaining the information.

The retention of information and stimuli as to be recalled at a later time.

Ex. Saving a word document in a computer so that it may be accessed at some point in the future.

Retrieval is the process of recalling a memory stored, sometimes also using retrieval cues in order to get a jump on what the memory is.

Ex. Taking a multiple choice test and then retrieving names that correspond to their meaning.

Photographic memory, eidetic is used to describe how these aren't pictures of everything in the most minute detail, but instead it focuses on what is interesting about the information.

Ex. Looking over a page once and then being able to recall everything that was on it for a test.

Holds stimuli for only a fraction of a second after being exposed to it. This screens for information to be placed into Working Memory.

Ex. Listening to one note fall into the next note of a song.

Takes information from the sensory memory in and attaches it to memories in the long-term so that it can be used, however it only holds information for a few seconds.

Ex. Statements such as "that rings a bell"

Receives information from working memory and can store it for much longer, information deemed as important makes it into the LTM and stays there for future use.

Ex. Being able to recall the first house one ever lived in.

Chunking is the ability to bound a number of chunks together (basic stimuli like numbers/letters) so that they can be remembered.

Ex. Phone numbers (123-4567).

Repeating information over and over as to remember it for later use.

Ex. Remembering phone numbers, or the bill of rights, or vocabulary.

Information is not only repeated as to remember it, but it is attached to already retained knowledge.

Ex. Memorizing the Bill of Rights by using previously learned acronyms (RAPPS, 1st Amendment, and DPDJSIED for the fifth)

The ability to encode words and letters based on their sounds, instead of how they appear.

Ex. Mistaking a T for a D instead of an E for an F.

Proposed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart, this theory is the idea that deeper connections -- like connecting working memory more often with long term memory -- leads to retaining that information for much longer.

Ex. Going through a vocabulary list and attaching each word to a particular word in LTM.

Mental directions, or procedures, are stored in this particular subset of memory.

Ex. remembering how to tie shoes, ride a bike, and other "how to" skills.

Portion of declarative memory that stores personal experiences, memory for events or "episodes" of one's life.

Ex. Being able to recall an award event, or something relating to one's personal life or self.

Other division of declarative memory that stores the basic meanings of words and concepts.

Ex. Knowing what the word "bird" means.

An illusive construct that serves as the basis/center for Long Term Memory. Some look for neural circuitry that relates to this concept, while others have looked for number of synapses and biochemical changes.

Ex. A memory card for a PlayStation 2

When the ability to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory and to form new concepts is impaired.

Ex. Smashing one's head against the ground and being unable to hold any new information in LTM or as concepts.

Intermediate hippocampal information is transferred to the cortex where it becomes permanent information.

Ex. Switching information from a flash drive to a hard drive.

The inability to recall information that had yet to be consolidated within the mind after being hit in the head.

Ex. Getting hit in the head and being asked "Where are you, what were you doing" etc...

A very vivid depicture and memory of an episodic event that may have some large emotional impact.

Ex. Remembering, in vivid detail, the sight of one car smashing into another on a highway.

Memory that can affect behavior and that was not delibarately learned, or is information one is aware of having.

Ex. Acting in fear of certain things (phobia) for seemingly irrational reasons, but there is a memory regarding the thing that created the fear, but a memory one cannot recall. (Also how Charlie behaved in The Perks of Being a Wallflower)

This involves being aware of memories that affect behavior, that may have been deliberately learned.

Ex. Knowing of therapudic methodology and situations that can be recalled as to help overcome a fear, such as social anxiety.

Small bits of information that can be used as to recall other information, such as recognizing a name and then recalling who that is and what he/she is important for.

Ex. Taking a multiple choice test and some of the questions actually help to recall information.

Process of providing cues that, unaware to the other person, primes them to recall certain pieces of information.

Ex. Telling someone about something so that when they come up to a particular issue, they'll come to the answer that was primed.

The ability to piece together information from memory in order to give a coherent response to a question that relies solely on memory.

Ex. Being presented with an essay to write on the spot.

The ability to know information based on seeing a question, or possible answer, that triggers the memory of who/what that is.

Ex. Multiple choice tests.

Information that one feels like they do know, but are unable to currently recall.

Ex. "It's on the tip of my tongue."

One of the "sins" of memory that deals with the impermanence of the long term memory.

Ex. Forgetting the first house one ever lived in, slowly over time.

Captures the pattern of transience by how we forget LTM information.

Ex. A chart that tracks how fast people forget information.

Failure to encode an action, and so failure to recall that the action had been done previously.

Ex. Completely forgetting where one has placed his/her keys.

When some information intercedes the recalling of other information, essentially "blocking" it from being retrieved.

Ex. A wall blocking the movement of a car to a destination.

When an old memory disrupts the learning and retainment of new information.

Ex. Forgetting someone's name as it sounds similar to someone one already knows.

When newly learned information blocks older information.

Ex. Remembering someone's name one just met, and then forgetting the name of someone you had met before.

The ability to only recall the first information and last information after looking through a list.

Ex. Reading a list and only remembering items at the start and end.

After hearing a list of items that are related to each other, then falsely recalling other related material that was not a part of that list.

Ex. Being given a list of colors to remember, and later recalling "pink" when pink was never on the list.

When information that is not part of a memory is presented and the individual recalls that memory as if it really happened.

Ex. Witnesses being questioned by attorneys, and the attorney alluding to information that then embeds itself into the witnesse's memory.

Distortion of memory by being given false information.

Ex. Thinking someone hit someone else in memory, because that person claimed that's what happened and it adversely affected the memory of the whole event.

When one looks back at something that happened and essentially believes that it was congruent with their expectations, regardless of whether or not it was.

Ex. "You could've asked me if the stock market would fail, I'd have told you right then that it would."

The idea that people believe they are more consistent than they really are.

Ex. Holding the same views for all civil rights issues, political issues and the like.

When memory cannot be forgotten, especially when intense negative emotions are involved.

Ex. Trying to forget someone due to negative feelings surrounding that person, but being unable to do so.