Term
| What is the overall function of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| Regulates the inner environment of the body by controlling the water-electrolyte balance and removing nitrogenous wastes. |
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Term
| What are the functional units of the kidney? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the bulk of the energy used for by the kidney? |
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Definition
| For active transport of sodium and co-transport of electrolytes and other substances. |
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Term
| Describe justomedullary nephrons. |
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Definition
| Nephrons that penetrate the entire length of the medulla. |
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Term
| What all is absorbed in the proximal tube? |
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Definition
| Water,electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids. |
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Term
| The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) acts on what structure(s) in the kidney? |
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Definition
| Distal and collecting tubules. |
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Term
| What usually causes kidney damage resulting from urinary tract obstruction? |
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Definition
| Back pressure and ischemia. |
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Term
| What is the most common type of kidney stone in people with urinary tract infections? |
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Definition
| Magnesium ammonium phosphate (or struvite) stones |
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Term
| Why is Aspirin not recommended for pain relief in people with gouty arthritis? |
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Definition
| It decreases the secretion of uric acid into the renal tubules. |
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Term
| How is cranberry or blueberry juice thought to control and prevent UTIs? |
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Definition
| Reduction in bacterial adhesions to the epithelium of UT. |
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Term
| Describe glomerulonephritis. |
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Definition
| Inflammation involving the glomerular structures that can lead to kidney failure. Some known causes include bacterial infections and immune diseases. |
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Term
| What does glomerulonephritis result from? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe acute proliferative glomerulonepphritis. |
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Definition
| Increase in cellular components of the glomerulus, edema, oliguria, proteinuria, and hematuria. |
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Term
| What are the endocrine functions of the kidney? |
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Definition
| Activation of vitamin D and production of erythropoietin. |
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Term
| What is a substance normally found in urine that closely reflects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the Urine Specific Gravity test. |
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Definition
| It assesses the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. |
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Term
| What does Aldosterone increase the re-absorption of and what does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) increase the reabsorption of? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone increases the re-absorption of Na, and ADH increases water absorption. |
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Term
| What type of renal response is given for people who eat high-protein meals or have high glucose levels in their blood? |
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Definition
| Increase in renal blood flow and GFR. |
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Term
| What is the most common complication with urinary tract obstruction? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most common inherited disease that affects the kidneys? |
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Definition
| Polycystic kidney disease is the most commonly inherited kidney disease. |
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Term
| What is a characteristic sign of polycystic kidney disease? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What blood test is used to detect the GFR and renal funtion? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the effects of kidney agenesis or hypoplasia if it affects one kidney in the body? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the effects of cystic disease on the kidney. |
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Definition
| Tubular dilation (caused by weakened tubule structures), tubular obstructions (that increase intratubular pressure), and a change in the basement membrane of the renal tubules. |
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Term
| What prevention measure can be used to prevent all types of kidney stones? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which population is lease susceptible to urinary tract infections? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections? |
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Definition
| Catheters (nosocomiar-hospital origination) |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs)? |
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Definition
| Enuresis, dysuria, suprapubic discomfort, frequency. |
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Term
| Edema that develops in people with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome indicate what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the location and the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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Definition
| The justaglomerular apparatus is at the point of contact between the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent and efferent arterioles. Regulates the functions of each nephron. |
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Term
| The most frequent causes of intrarenal failure are: |
|
Definition
| Acute tubular necrosis, hypoxia-related renal failure, and exposure to nephrotoxic poisonous substances |
|
|
Term
| What can cause the interruption of renal blood flow? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe acute tubular necrosis. |
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Definition
| Destructive changes in tubular epithelium. One of the most common causes of acute renal failure. |
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|
Term
| What causes the majority of acute tubular necrosis? |
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Definition
| Often caused by ischemia or nephrotoxic agents. |
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Term
| End-stage renal disease is characterized by what alterations? |
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Definition
| Endocrine functions of the kidney, alterations in filtration and re-absorption. |
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|
Term
| What is an early sign of renal failure? |
|
Definition
| An increase of nitrogenous wastes in the blood |
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|
Term
| What is nocturia and its symptoms? |
|
Definition
| Urination at night; loss of ability to concentrate urine |
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|
Term
| What is the moving force of filtration? |
|
Definition
| The blood pressure in the glomerulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Impaired synthesis of erythropoietin and effects or uremia. |
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|
Term
| What can cause the development of hypertension in a person with renal failure? |
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Definition
| Increased intravascular fluid, and the rennin-angiontensin mechanism. |
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Term
| Failure to empty the urine from the bladder or flaccid dysfunction is caused by what conditions. |
|
Definition
| Interrupted afferent and efferent innervations of the bladder. |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of flaccid bladder dysfunction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common sign of bladder cancer. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure distal to the base of the bladder is responsible for continence? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of early stages of obstruction to urine outflow from the bladder? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main levels of neurological control of bladder function? |
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Definition
| Not hypothalamus (spinal reflex ctr., cerebral cortex, pontine micturition) |
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Term
| The reflex control of bladder emptying occurs at what level? |
|
Definition
| the sacral portion of the spinal cord. |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of urinary obstruction in males? |
|
Definition
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia |
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|
Term
| What can cause the failure to store urine? |
|
Definition
| Reflex bladder spasm, decrease of bladder volume, interference w/ motor innervation. |
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Term
| What can happen as a result of a stroke that affects the cortex or corticospinal pyramidal tract? |
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Definition
| The ability to preceive bladder filling is lost; voiding occurs suddenly and w/o warning. |
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