Term
| What is the "I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon"? |
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Definition
| Hindsight bias (finding that something has happened makes it seem inevitable) |
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Term
| What are the components of the scientific attitude? |
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Definition
| Curiousity, skepticism, and humility |
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Term
| What does critical thinking entail? |
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Definition
| Examining assumptions, discerning hidden values, evaluating evidence, and assessing conclusions |
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Term
| What are the steps of the scientific method? |
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Definition
| Form a question, form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze the results, draw a conclusion, and build a theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Testable predictions; a good theory provides the testing and rejecting or revising and the direction of research. |
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Term
| What are operational definitions and what do they represent? |
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Definition
The procedures used to define research variables
Independent and dependent variables |
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Term
| What is the point of replication? |
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Definition
| To see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. |
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Term
| What are the types of research methods? |
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Definition
| Descriptive, correlational, experimental |
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Term
| What do descriptive research methods do? |
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Definition
| Describe behaviors. They often use case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structured group of questions to gather info on hypotheses. |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of a case study? |
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Definition
Advantages-compile mass amounts of info, can produce a comple profile of client, rare or extreme conditions investigated.
Disadvantages-No causality, misleading/unrepresentative, lack of objectivity |
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Term
| What are naturalistic observations? |
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Definition
| Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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Term
| What would a stronger relationship in a correlational coefficient be closer to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a positive correlation? |
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Definition
| Two sets of scroes which tend to rise or fall together; direct correlation. |
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Term
| What does a correlation do? |
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Definition
| Indicates the possibility of a cause and effect relationship; DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION! |
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Term
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Definition
| A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable) |
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Term
| What is random assignment? |
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Definition
| Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance. |
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Term
| What does the placebo effect cause? |
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Definition
| The subect's expectations can lead them to experience a change even though they receive an empty, fake or ineffective treatment. |
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Term
| What are the three types of variables? |
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Definition
| Independent, dependent, and confounding. |
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Term
| What are some of the problems in research design? |
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Definition
| Sampling, placebo control group, self-fulfilling prophecy, and age, gender, and ethnic differences. |
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Term
| What are the differences between the two types of validity? |
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Definition
Internal-Degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions.
External-Degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, and conditions. |
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Term
| What are measures of central tendency? |
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Definition
| A single score that represents a whole set of scores (mode, median, mean) |
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Term
| What is standard deviation? |
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Definition
| A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. |
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Term
| What are the proncipals of reliability? |
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Definition
1.Representative Samples
2.Less-Variable Observations
3.More cases=more power |
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Term
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Definition
| The standard deviation unit of measure |
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Term
| What is statistical significance? |
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Definition
| A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance. |
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Term
| What is applied psychology? |
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Definition
| When laboratory experiments illuminate real life |
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Term
| What sorts of things impact research? |
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Definition
| Culture, biology, ethics, animals, etc. |
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Term
| What are some things which are violating ethical principals? |
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Definition
physical, emotional, psychological or financial distress
use of deception
not maintaining privacy and confidentiality
involuntary participation
vulnerable populations
not debriefing
unethical treatment of animals |
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Term
| What do the researcher's values influence? |
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Definition
Their choice of topic.
Words they use reflect their values, and popular applications of psych hide values. |
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