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| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
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| the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
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| a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus with out consciously experiencing it |
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| the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
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| failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
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| failing to notice changes in the environment |
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| the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
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| rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches)but other body systems are active |
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| the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
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| periodic, natural, easily reversible loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999) |
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| false sensory experiences, such as seeing in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
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| the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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| recurring problems in failing or staying asleep |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awkenings |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
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| a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it |
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| according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) |
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| according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content) |
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| the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
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| a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
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| a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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| a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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| a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect |
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| compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
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| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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| a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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| a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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| drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
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| (popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, and a drive to continue use |
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| drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
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| opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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| drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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| drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
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| a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco |
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| a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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| a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
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| psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
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| (lysergic acid diethylamide) a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid |
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| an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
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| the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
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| the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior |
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| every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us |
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| threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
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| (deoxyribonucleic acid)a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes |
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| the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of sinthesizing a protein |
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| the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes |
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| twins who develop from a single (monozygotic)fertilized egg that splits in two, creating genetically identical organisms |
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| twins who develop from separate (dizygotic) fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment |
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| a person's characteristic emotional re-activity and intensity |
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| the sub field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes |
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| the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes, The heritablitliy of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied |
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| the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) |
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| the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change |
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| the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection |
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| the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
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| a random error in gene replication that leads to a change |
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| in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female |
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| the enduring behaviors,ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior, Norms prescribe "proper" behavior |
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| giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
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| giving priority to the goals of ones group (often ones extended family or work group and defining ones identity accordingly |
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| any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
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| the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child |
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| the sex chromosome found only in males. when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child |
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| the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex or the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty |
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| a set of expectations (norms) about a social, position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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| a set of expected behaviors for males or for females |
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| the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
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| our sense of being male or female |
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| the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
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| an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex |
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