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| energy carrying biological molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities |
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| energy requiring process by which substances move across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient |
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| metabolic process that requires oxygen |
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| metabolic process that does not requires oxygen |
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| (plasma membrane) flexible, selectively permeable boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell |
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| Cell plate – A partition formed during cell division in plants and some algae that separates the two newly formed daughter cells |
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| states that (1) organisms are made of one or more cells; (2) cells are the basic unit of life; and (3) all cells come only from other cells. |
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| In plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support and protection to the cell. |
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| catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell |
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| organelle that plays a role in cell division and is made of microtubules |
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| double membrane organelle that captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis |
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| Chromatid – either of the two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes. |
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| Chromosome – DNA- containing structure that carries genetic information from one generation to another |
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| net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
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| Biology . an organism or cell having double the basic haploid number of chromosomes. |
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| a state of rest or balance due to the equal action of opposing forces. |
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| organism made up of cells that have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles; generally larger and more complex that a prokaryote. |
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| a haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce a diploid fertilized egg. |
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| Genetic variation – Genetic diversity in a population or species as a result of new gene combinations |
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single; simple.
pertaining to a single set of chromosomesHaploid – cell with half the number of chromosomes (n) as a diploid (2n) cell. |
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| a pair of chromosomes that share the same gene sequence |
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| a large white blood cell, occurring principally in connective tissue and in the bloodstream, that ingests foreign particles and infectious microorganisms by phagocytosis |
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| membrane bound organelle that converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell |
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| second main stage of the cell cycle during which the cells replicated DNA divides and two genetically identical diploid daughter cells are produced |
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| permanent change in a cell’s DNA ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes. |
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| in eukaryotic cells, the central membrane bound organelle that manages cellular functions and contains DNA |
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| specialized internal cell structure that carries out specific cell functions such as protein synthesis and energy transformation |
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| diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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| transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion; expenditure of energy is not required |
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| Photosynthesis – two-phase anabolic pathway in which the Sun’s light energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell |
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| substances formed by a chemical reaction; located on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation |
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| microscopic, unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles |
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| Reactants – substance that exists before a chemical reaction starts; located on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation. |
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| the formation of new combinations of genes, either naturally, by crossing over or independent assortment, or in the laboratory by direct manipulation of genetic material. |
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| a copy. Diploid – having two copies of each chromosome (2n) |
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| simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins |
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| permeable only to certain small molecules: |
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abiogenesis.
the now discredited theory that living organisms can arise spontaneously from inanimate matter; spontaneous generation. |
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| A collection of cells in an organism that have similar structure and function. |
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| Botany . the passage of water through a plant from the roots through the vascular system to the atmosphere. |
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| the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage. |
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| fission into two organisms approximately equal in size. |
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the reproductive process in ciliate protozoans in which two organisms of different mating types exchange nuclear material through a temporary area of fusion.
b.
temporary union or permanent fusion as a form of sexual reproduction in certain algae and fungi, the male gametes of one organism uniting with female gametes of the other.
c.
a temporary union of two bacteria, in Escherichia and related groups, in which genetic material is transferred by migration of a plasmid, either solitary or as part of a chromosome, from one bacterium, the donor, to the other, the recipient; sometimes also including the transfer of resistance to antibiotics. |
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| a type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside the other, the two typically behaving as a single organism. It is believed to be the means by which such organelles as mitochondria and chloroplasts arose within eukaryotic cells |
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| asexual form of reproduction used by some prokaryotes in which a cell divides into two genetically identical cells |
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| form of reproduction used by some prokaryotes in which the prokaryotic cells attach to each other and exchange genetic material. |
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| Macrophgene sequence age – |
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| A type of white blood cell that ingests foreign material. |
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| – reduction division process occurring only in reproductive cells in which one diploid (2n) cell produces four haploid (n) cells that are not genetically identical |
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| type of symbiosis which an organisim lives inside the other, the 2 tipiclly behave as a single organism it is belived to be the means in which such organells as mitochondria and chloroplasts arose within euk cells |
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