Term
| Where do pharmacokinetic interactions occur in absorption? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine/GI mucosa/ stomach |
|
|
Term
| Where do pharmacokinetic interactions occur in distribution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do pharmacokinetic interactions occur in metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do pharmacokinetic interactions occur in excretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do drugs effect each other in absorption? |
|
Definition
| Can decrease, increase, or block the absorption of another drug while it's being absorbed into the gastric lining. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 ways drugs effect absorption of each other? |
|
Definition
1.) Increasing/Decreasing gastric emptying
2.) Changing gastric pH
3.) Forming drug complexes |
|
|
Term
| What drugs increase the motility of the stomach? What is their effect? |
|
Definition
| Cholinergic. Decreases the absorption amount. |
|
|
Term
| What drugs decrease the motility of the stomach? What is their effect? |
|
Definition
| Adrenergic. Increases the absorption amount. |
|
|
Term
| If it speeds up the heart it _________ the gut! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If is slows down the heart it ________ the gut! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best environment for absorption in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Raise the pH of the stomach therefor slowing the rate of absorption |
|
|
Term
| What drugs form complexes? |
|
Definition
| Iron, Magnesium, and Calcium. |
|
|
Term
| The longer the drug remains in the stomach…the _______ is absorbed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When pH is acidic, a weakly acidic drug is _____ _______ which makes it more rapidly absorbed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are drug complexes formed? |
|
Definition
| When cations (+) have a valance value of 2 they will chemically bond with antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
| What does calcium interact with? |
|
Definition
| Tetracycline (all cyclines) and ciproflaxin |
|
|
Term
| What is a desired drug complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a person is in a drug overload/toxic ingestion of chemicals. The activated charcoal will form a complex and decrease absorption of the drug. |
|
|
Term
| How do microflora effect metabolism? |
|
Definition
| They can increase it therefore decreasing the bioavailability of the drug. |
|
|
Term
| What is the caution with antibiotics and flora? |
|
Definition
| If a patient is on an antibiotic that destroys their flora, they have the potential to be toxic with certain medications that are normally metabolized by their missing flora. |
|
|
Term
| Why is birth control ineffective if taken with an antibiotic? |
|
Definition
| Microflora absorb estrogens for their contraceptive effect. Antibiotics can kill the microflora that do so therefore making the BC ineffective. |
|
|
Term
| Only drugs ______ _____ _____ are able to enter the body tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does concentration of drug in the blood effect distribution? |
|
Definition
| If the drug is not concentrated in the blood, it cannot be distributed. |
|
|
Term
| If something is highly protein bound, does it have high or low bioavailabiluty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If something is low protein bound, does it have high or low bioavailability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some highly protein bound drugs? |
|
Definition
- Warfarin
- Phentoyin
- Gemfibrozil
- NSAIDS
- Valproic acid
- Sulfisoxazole
- Glyburide
- Quinidine |
|
|
Term
| What does an increase in metabolism cause? |
|
Definition
| a decreased plasma concentration, an increased in elimination which causes a DECREASE IN ACTION |
|
|
Term
| What are enzyme inducers? |
|
Definition
| Induce/encourage metabolism which decreases their actions. |
|
|
Term
What are the enzyme inducing drugs?
(Randy's Black Car Goes Put Put and Smokes) |
|
Definition
Rifampin
Barbituates
Carbamazepine
Grisoefulvin
Phentoyin
Phenobarbital
Smoking Cigarettes |
|
|
Term
| What is an enzyme inducing herb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are enzyme inducing foods? |
|
Definition
| Grapefruit juice or any foods w/ flavonoids |
|
|
Term
| What are enzyme inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| Limit/discourage the metabolism which increases their action. |
|
|
Term
| What are some enzyme inhbiting drugs? |
|
Definition
Cimetidine
Erythromycin
Itraconazole |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that ________ cardiac input, decrease/delay drug excretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs effect the excretion of digoxin? |
|
Definition
- Quinidine - decreases excretion
- Lasix/HdroDIURIL - decrease reabsorption of K & Na which causes HYPOkalemia and can cause dig toxicity and enhances its action. |
|
|
Term
| Patients who have a decreased renal/heptaic fxn usually have an _________ in free drug concentration. Why? |
|
Definition
Increase.
Cannot excrete or metabolize which leads to toxicity. |
|
|
Term
| What is an additive drug effect? |
|
Definition
| When 2 drugs with similar actions are administered, the sum of the effects of the 2. |
|
|
Term
| What is a desirable additive effect? |
|
Definition
| Diuretic and a beta blocker are used to treat hypertension. both uses a different mechanism. |
|
|
Term
| What is an undesirable additive effect? |
|
Definition
| Aspirin and alcohol. Both prolong bleeding time. GI bleed. Use same mechanism |
|
|
Term
| What is a synergistic effect? |
|
Definition
One drug potentiates another. Make each other more powerful.
EX: Demerol and Phenergan
The drowsiness is enhanced, therefor less demerol is needed. |
|
|
Term
| What is a negative synergistic effect? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol and valium. Increased CNS depression. |
|
|
Term
| What is an antagonistic effect? |
|
Definition
| Two drugs have opposite effects and cancels each other out. |
|
|
Term
| What is a desirable antagonistic effect? |
|
Definition
| Morphine overdose. Naloxene is given to block the narcotic response. |
|
|
Term
| What is an undesirable antagonistic effect? |
|
Definition
| Beta stimulant with beta blocker are given together. |
|
|
