1. Membrane
2. DNA/RNA
3. Ribosomes (Make the proteins)
4. Cytoplasm (Liquid holding everything in the cell)

1. Bacteria - Single cell organisms that are Prokaryotic (No nucleus)
2. Archaea - Single cell organisms that are Prokaryotic containing unique biochemicals
3. Eukarya - Can be unicellular or multicellular and are Eukaryotic (Has a nucleus). Animals and Plants are in this domain.

1. Plants - Use photosynthesis to provide energy. Have a cell wall made of cellulose.
2. Fungi - Do no use photosynthesis. Have a cell wall made of chitin.
3. Animals - Multicellular organisms that do not use photosynthesis. Do not have a cell wall. Includes humans.
4. Protists - Catch all group of unicellular organisms that do not fit into any other kingdom.

Define/Describe - Plasma Membrane

• Main component is a phospholipid bilayer.
• Fluid - Because of the unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids. Along with the cholesterol. Allows it to change shape and move material.
• Integral proteins go all the way through the membrane.
• Peripheral Proteins - Only associated with one layer.
• Glycoproteins - Proteins with a chain of carbohydrates attached.
• Glycolipids - Lipids with chains of carbohydrates attached.
• Plants/Fungi have a cell wall around membrane making it rigid.

Define/Describe - Cell Wall

A cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane giving it further structure and protection.

• Makes it rigid
• Plant walls made of cellulose.
• Fungi walls made of chitin

Define/Describe - Nucleus

Key organelle that seperates Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.

Nucleus contains:

• DNA
• Nuclear Envelope
• Nuclear Pores
• Nucleolus

Define/Describe - Nuclear Envelope

A double bilayer membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

Protects the DNA from damage and prevents mutations to the sequence of DNA.

Contains tunnels/openings called nuclear pores.

Define/Describe - Nuclear Pores

Define/Describe - Nucleolus

Define/Describe - Mitochondria

Contains inner and outer membrane.

Outer membrane encloses mitochondrion.

Inner membrane is called the cristae and has many folds to increase surface area.

Vital for providing the energy needs of a cell.

Define/Describe - Chloroplasts

Is the site of photosynthesis.

Define/Describe - Ribosomes

• Not surrounded by a membrane
• Made of proteins and rRNA
• Produce proteins

Define/Describe - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Series of membrane channels connected to the nuclear envelope.

The rough ER contains ribosomes near the nucleus that produce proteins to be released.

Define/Describe - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Adjacent to the Rough ER
• Has no ribosomes
• Synthesis lipids
• Contains enzymes that detoxify drugs/poisons

Define/Describe - Golgi Complex

• Processing center for materials
• Stack of flat membrane enclosed sacs.
• Packages material into vesicles for transport

Define/Describe - Vesicles (Transport)

Define/Describe - Vesicles (Lysosomes)

Define/Describe - Vesicles (Peroxisomes)

Contain enzymes that dispose of toxic substances.

Originate at the ER

Define/Describe - Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments found throughout the cell.

Provides:

• Shape
• Structure
• Strength
• Transportation
• Movement of cell

Define/Describe - Microtubules

Long hollow tubes of made of the protein tubulin.

Act as the transport roads for vesicles and other material to move along.

• Define/Describe - Microfilaments

Shortest and thinnest cytoskeletal filaments.

Made of actin proteins

Form a network under the membrane to provide the shape

Define/Describe - Adhering Junctions

Strong connections that hold cells together.

Define/Describe - Tight Junctions

Hold cells close together to prevent anything from leaking.

Skin cells are one example.

Define/Describe - Gap Junctions

• Important for fast communication between cells.
• Open small tunnels between cells to share material used in the communication process.

Define/Describe - Extracellular Matrix

• Space between cells in a multicellular organism is filled with this.
• Provides a place for cells to attach in tissues
• Contains nutrients, waste and signalling molecules moving between cells.

Define/Describe - Glycocalyx

Is a fuzzy layer outside of the cell formed by the carbohydrate chains of the glycolipids and glycoproteins.

Provide:

• Additional protection
• Helps cells attach
• Helps recognition

Define/Describe - Receptors

Have a specific shape to allow only a specific molecule to bind to it.

The binding causes the protein to change shape and create a new cellular response due to the new shape.

Define/Describe - Enzyme Proteins

Define/Describe - Recognition Proteins

These are glycoproteins.

These help the body recognize different molecules and also to recognize foreign pathogens invading the body.

Define/Describe - Adhesion Proteins

Define/Describe - Transport Proteins

Define - Semi-Permeability

Also known as selectively permeable.

Means that it only allows certain substances into the cell while keeping all others out.

Factors involved of being permeable to molecules

Polarity is one factor. Non polar molecules are easier to transport across the membrane where as polar molecules require energy to be transported.

Concentration gradient affects the permeability too. If the concentration is low inside the cell, molecules will want to move into the cell.

Passive Transport

Moving down the concentration gradient from high to low.

Requires no energy expenditure

Active Transport

Moving up the concentration gradient from a low to a high concentration.

Requires energy to be expended.

Bulk/Vesicular Transport

Material is packaged into vesicles to be transported.

This helps large particles unable to cross the membrane to be transported.