Term
| describe the philosophy behind behaviorism (in regards to the subject matter being studied) |
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Definition
| Behavior is a subject matter worthy if its own study. So thinking is the same as any other behaviorn and is influenced by the same principle. |
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Term
| be able to define both a stimulus and a response |
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Definition
Stimulus: any change in the enviorment that influences an organism by activating one of the sense receptors. Enviroment plays a huge role; social interactions
Response: any action performed by the organism;ex: sweating |
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Term
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Definition
| Relativiely permanent change in behavior as a result of experience. |
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Term
| be able to provide the definition of respondent conditioning |
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Definition
| The repeated pairing of 2 stimuli resulting in a previously neutral stimulus(NS) becoming conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus that does not produce a response. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| any stimulus that causes a response without training or learning |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UR) |
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Definition
| The response of an organism that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| stimulus causes a response due to pairing history in which stimuli had been paired together. |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| the response caused by the conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Term
| be able to describe how pavlov developed a conditoned a response in dogs including all the specific stimuli, responses and procedures |
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Definition
Started conditioning with a bell (NS) which didn’t make the dogs salivate .The meat powder (US) on its own DID create salivating (UR). So every time he gave the dog meat powder he would ring a bell. This was the conditioning process so that in the end every time the dog would hear the bell (which is now turned into the (CS)) he would salivate (now the CR)) because he was expecting the meat powder
Before conditioning
-(NS) the sound of the bell
-(US) meat powder (before conditioning) => Salivating (UR)
During respondent conditioning process
-Bell(NS) with meat powder (US) => Salivating (UR)
Post conditioning –Behavioral relation due to learning
Now Bell (CS)=> Salivating (CR)
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Term
| be able to describe how watson and rayner developed a conditioned fear in little albert. be prepared to include both the technical terms and specific stimuli and responses (for example, be able to include list both unconditioned stimulus and loud noise |
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Definition
Little Albert
Paired the sight of the white rat (NS) with loud noise (US). Placed the rat in front of Albert and made a loud noise many times
Conditioning procedure- White rat (NS)/ loud noise (US)=> fearful (UR)
Rat became (CS)
Post conditioning- White rat (CS)=> Fearful response (CR)
Furry and white animals also made Albert cry. Example of Stimulus generalization.
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Term
| be able to define and recognize examples of stimulus generalization (in respondent conditioning) |
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Definition
| A conditioned response that becomes more likely in the presence of one stimulus due to the similarity between that stimulus and another involved in original condonditioning. |
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Term
| what is respondent extiction? be careful to note that extinction involves multiple trials |
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Definition
The process of undoing the original procedure ex: Watson and rayner with rat again
Extinction takes many trials in order to undo the original procedure
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Term
| describe behavioral drug tolerance, explaining both the animal studies (be able to diagram this like pavlovs and watsons studies) and how this may relate to human drug overdoses |
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Definition
Behavioral Drug Tolerance: normal routine then went into another setting and same dosage and then overdosed and died.
After the conditioning process the (NS) became the (CS) when paired with a (US) and the (UR) then became the (CR) same thing happened with the animals.
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Term
| what is operant conditioning? and who is most associated with behaviorism and the development of operant conditioning? |
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Definition
operant conditioning is the probability that a behavior will increase or decrease based on the consequences that follow the behavior (reinforcement or punishment)
psychologists most associated with behaviorism and the development of operant conditioning is B.F. Skinner |
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Term
| what do the behavioral ABCs stand for? what is contingency? |
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Definition
Antecedents, Behavior and Consequences
Contingency is the relationship between behavior, preceding events and consequent events. |
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Term
| what is reinforcement? what is a reinforcer? provide definitions that refer to the frequency of behavior over time. be able to recognize and give examples of reinforcement and reinforcers |
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Definition
reinforcement- followign some behavior of interest, there is a change in stimulus conditions (stimulus can be presented or removed) and the behavior of interest is increased in the future frequency
Reinforcer- the actual stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the future frequency of that behavior
ex: sarah shares with her sis, her mom gives her a lollipop, sarah is more likely to share in the future.
lollipop=reinforcer mom giving lollipop for sharing= reinforcement |
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Term
| what is punishment? what is a punisher? make reference to the frequency of behavior. be able to recognize and give examples of punishment and punisher |
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Definition
punishment- following some behavior of interest, there is a change in stimulus conditions and the behavior of interest then decreases in the future frequency
Punisher- the stimulus that follows a behavior that decreases future frequency of behavior
ex: Billt talks in class w/o raising his hand, teacher scoles him, billy is less likely to talk out of turn in the future. |
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Term
| describe how time-outs might work as punishment |
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Definition
time-outs work as punishment- undesired behavior is immidiately followed by removal from a reinforcing situation.
in roder for the tim-out to be effective as punishment, time-in must be reinforcing but time-out should only be a few minutes and you want to give the child frequent opportunities to engage in desired behavior, not just sit in time-out and do nothing. |
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Term
| be able to describe primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers |
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Definition
primary reinforcer- (unlearned or unconditioned) typically satisfy some biological needs, food, water, warmth, oxygen
secondary reinforcer- any # of possible stimuli (ex: praise, good grades and money) are created by pairing stimuli with other reinforcers
primary punisher- related to events that are biological in nature such as pain stimulation and extreme temperatures
secondary punisher- being paired with other punishing events ex: criticism, embarrasment, loss of possessions. |
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Term
| what is operant extinction? |
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Definition
| operant extinction- following some behavior of interest, there is no change in stimulus conditions (the reinforcer is withheld) and the behavior of interest then decreases in future frequency. |
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Term
| What is the technical term for an antecedent that makes a reinforce more or less valuable? |
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Definition
| Token economy- Tokens earned for good behaviors then when they have a lot they can get a prize. Makes the reinforce more valuable because they make the person to strengthen the responding or the kid may not like the prize or care about the prize so they still act bad. |
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Term
| what is shaping? also define successive approximations. recognize examples of shaping |
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Definition
shaping- the creation of new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior and extinguishing previous approximations to the desired behavior
Successive approximations- most similar behavior to the target behavior that the organism does at least occasionally
ex: "muh muh" to mommy kid saying mommy |
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Term
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Definition
"monkey see monkey do"
new behavior without reinforcement
imitating what behavior you see around you. |
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Term
| describe the participants, procedures, and results of Bandura's Bobo the doll studies |
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Definition
| Bobo doll- inflatable doll with sand in the bottom. children would watch an adult exert aggressive actions or nonaggresive actions on the doll. children who witnessed aggressive actions would beat up the doll and children that witnessed nonaggressive actions would not. |
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Term
| What is the common staff reaction to behavioral problems of elderly residents in nursing homes? As mentioned in text book, research has shown what are the 3 outcomes can be achieved through staff training with behavioral management techniques |
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Definition
| Common reactions from staff are the use of restraints and chemical restraints. Behavior analysis has been proposed as an alternative. The use of external memory aids such as a memory wallet and pictures of their past. Staff may “elder speak” talk down to people as if they are children. Improve memory, decreases aggression, promote independence of nursing home residents with out requiring additional staff time changes in meds |
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Term
| what didthe largest and most expensive educational experiment ever funded by the federal government demonstrate? note that your answer should describe what methods were best and what 3 gains were shown |
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Definition
| project follow through demonstrated that behavior based on educational methods produced the greatest gains in basic education skills, complex cognitive skills and improved self-esteem in children from diverse backgrounds. |
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Term
| What is behavioral sports psychology |
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Definition
| Behavioral analysis used to improve coaching behaviors and athletic performance. Can be applied to the coaching process by explicitly identifying the precise behaviors to be excluded, developing a plan to manage continuously goes through monitoring and rewards; distinguishing between novel athletic behaviors and maintaining preexisting skills and creating appropriate goals. |
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