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~Movement in Roman north Africa (4th-5th century) that developed a rigorist view of the church and its sacraments.
~Believed that schismatic or lapsed bishops were deprived of all ability to administer the sacraments or act as ministers of the Christian church. |
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| Those who handed over their books |
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| Deliberate breaking away from the church |
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~Church services or rituals that are thought to have been instituted by Jesus Christ, himself.
~Considered means in which God infuses grace into believers
~The outward invisible sign of an inward and spiritual reality |
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~Heretical understanding of how humans are able to merit salvation
~Places emphasis on the role of human works vs. idea of divine grace
~Condemned at the Council of Epesus |
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| Love and desire for the wrong things which turns humanity away from God |
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| Refers to "of the empire" |
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~"holy wisdom"
~A church built in Constantinople
~Wisdom personified as a woman |
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| Divinity and humanity were united in one nature |
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| Didactic use of images = using images as a learning tool because most were illiterate but then began to kiss them, pray to them, light candles, etc. |
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~The breaking of icons
~against Iconoclasm |
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~Defender of images
~Lover of images
~supporter of iconoclasm |
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~The buying or selling of church offices
~Bribery: "buying your way into office" |
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| "proceeds from the father and the son" |
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| The idea is that the church had the power to restore the sinner to a purified state, and they could also "charge" for clearing the sins (so like, reciting things). They have the authority to recognize when sins have been forgiving. |
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~Idea that came from the 12th century
~Where the souls of the dead who could not finish their penances would go.
~Abuse of this system caused major division between many churches |
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| Linking Christianity with the ideals of the empire |
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| Christian hermits, ascetics, and monk who lived mainly in the Scetes of desert Egypt beginning around the 3rd century |
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~"Eremites, hermits, or anchorites"
~Monastic life characterized by withdrawal or seclusion from the world.
~Definitive text = "The life of Anthony" |
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~"Cenobites"
~Monastic life characterized by religious orders living in communities
~Definitive text = "Pachomian Rule" |
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~New embodiments of Christian ideals
~Dying to secular world was a new form of martyrdom |
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~Founded in 1098
~Return to the literal amount of St. Benedict |
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~Work amongst lay people rather than a small community
~Expected to minister throughout the world/mendicant orders (vow to not own property) |
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~*Dominicans (1216)
~*Franciscans (1209)
~Carmelites (1155)
~Augustinians (1244)
~Servites [Servants of Mary] (1240) |
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~Trinitarians (1198)
~The Mercedarians (1218) |
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| Becoming more oriented towards Lay system |
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| Religious orders for women |
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~a.k.a. "Tertiaries"
~Religious lay organizations that followed a rule of monastic order or were ascetic communities without a rule.
~Lived in society rather than a monastery |
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| Early Christian form of Christian churches |
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~Located in the Burgandy region of France
~Its Abbey was the largest church in the world from the 11th-16th century
~Representative of Romanesque architecture
~Founded in 909 during renewal phase
~Had wealth |
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~1200-1500, an approach to Christian theology associated with the Middle ages
~Emphasizes the rational justification and systematic presentation of Christian theology
~Focus on use of reason
~Building knowledge through discussion
~Skeptical and analytical |
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| Emphasize individual and corporate poverty (i.e. Bonaventura, *Duns Scotus, and William of Occam) |
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| Emphasized preaching and education (i.e. *Thomas Aquinas, Albert the Great, Peter of Tarantaise) |
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| Emphasized that salvation is to be understood as a work of God (i.e. Giles of Rome, Thomas of Strausburg, and *Gregory of Rimini) |
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| Of or relating to Ontology (a particular theory of the nature of being or the things that have existence) |
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~Defined at the latter-day council of 1213
~The process where the substance of the bread and the wine is changed into Jesus's body and blood.
~Place more power in the priest |
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~Relics (old things connected to the saints)
~Shrines (sites where something important happened)
~feast days
~Hagiography (writing about saints) |
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~1184-1500
~Heresies -based on political or theological reasons
~Reacted by preaching and repression |
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| Those who were initially jewish or muslim before converting to Christianity |
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~Religious sect that appeared in southern France in 11th century and flourished in 13th
~Adopted Gnostic/Arian views
~Attacked by a crusade |
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~Emerged in southern France in 1170
~Spread to Germany
~Name from wealthy merchant in leon, named waldo
~Argued that preaching should be done in the local language so people would understand
~Were considered a threat to church and deemed a heresy |
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~Wyclif argued that the bible should be translated into the English language.
~Supporters were deemed heretical for arguing against the position that only clergymen could interpret the Bible |
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| Transformation from religious to non-religious institutions |
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| the hatred (and fear) of women |
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