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a. One of the most influential thinkers within the history of Christian thought.
b. Named Aurelius Augustinus, usually known as Augustine of Hippo.
c. Converted to Christianity from Stoicism to Christianity in his 30's in Milan
d. In 387, he returned to North Africa
e. He was made a priest in 391
f. In 395 he was made the bishop of Hippo, which is in modern-day Algeria
g. Three doctrines upon which he had the most influence:
i. The doctrine of the church and the sacraments, arising from Donatism
ii. The doctrine of grace arising from Pelagianism
iii. The doctrine of the Trinity
h. Wrote several works, including De civitate Dei (On the City of God)and Confessions
i. Wrote On the City of God before the fall of Rome
~An apologetic work |
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| Pelagius was a British theologian who was active in Rome |
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| "It is foolish and idol for Christianity to only consist of teachings" |
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| 512 -518, Proposes moderate monophysite theology |
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| Famous work = "Life of Anthony" (trans. By Jerome) |
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| Famous work = "Conferences" |
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| Regarded as the father of Western Monasticism |
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a. 500 -578
b. Develops a monophysite church hierarchy that takes on a Syrian character.
c. Ordained the chief bishop
d. Supported by Empress Theordora |
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a. Demands that the church accept the council of chalcedons decisions and replaces all non-chalcedonian bishops in 518
b. Rule begins in 527 -initiates persecution against non-chalcedonians
c. Closes the academy of Athens in 529 |
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a. Religiously and politically sympathetic to the Syrian monophysites and sheltered them in the grand palace of Constantinople
b. Differing views from her husband (Justinian) |
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a. Alexandrian Patriarch
b. Against Nestorius
c. Archbishop of Constatinople
d. Issued 12 anathemas that condemned the Antiochian claim that Christ had 2 natures
e. Convinced the council or excommunicate Nestorius
f. Syrians excommunicated Cyril |
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a. 1073 -1085
b. Investiture Controversy
~Excommunicated German emperor
~Ultimately established the pope's authority separate from the state
c. Hildebrandian reforms (a.k.a. Hledebrandine/Gregorian reforms)
~Hildebrand -Pope Gregory's born name
~Established clerical celibacy (not always practiced)
~Simony |
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a. 1198 -1216
b. Vita apolstolica and support of Fanciscan orders
c. Papal authority over political leaders
i.Argued that the pope had the right to act in the political world when sin was involved.
d. Fourth Lateran Council (1215 -16)
i.Dealt with important issues like the Eucharist and sacraments |
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a. 1042 -1099
b. Initiated first crusade at the council of Clermont (1095) to rescue churches from muslim control
c. Promised remission of sins for all crusaders
d. Established the modern Roman Curia as a royal court to facilitate administration of the church |
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a. Know for exceptional piety
b. Wrote a new rule for the Knights Templar at the request of the council of troyes (1128)
c. Best known for his devotional and spiritual writings. |
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a. Moved to the desert in 270 -271 and became known as the father and founder of desert monasticism
b. Died in 356 C.E.
~Thousands of monks/nuns had followed him into the desert
c. Ascetics
~Forms of self-discipline used by Christians to deepen their knowledge of and commitment to God |
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a. Established a formal monastery structure. His regulations included discipline, obedience, manual labor, silence, fasting, and long periods of prayer
b. Also introduce the concepts of ABBA (father) and AMMA (mother) |
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a. 098 -1179
b. Abbess of Rupertsberg
c. "Book of Divine Works" |
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a. 1210 -1282
b. Beguine (a tertiary, spiritual writer)
c. "Flowing Light of the Godhead" |
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a. 1347 -1380
b. Dominican tertiary, theologian and mystic
c. "The Dialogue of Divine Providence" |
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a. 1342 -1415
b. Mystic and recluse
c. "Revelations of Divine Love" |
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a. The father of scholasticism
b. "faith seeking understanding"
c. Known for ontological argument for the existence of God
d. Opposed the ransom theory |
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a. Dominican
b. Emphasized preaching and education
c. Thomas of Aquino was a 13th century scholar from a noble family in Italy.
d. As Dominican Friar, he was able to study and work in Italy and in the universities of Northern Europe, specifically Paris and Cologne.
e. His writings represent the period's enthusiasm for Aristotle.
~His work is Aristotelian (Augustine is Platonic).
f. Important works
~Summa Contra Gentiles (Summary against Gentiles)
~Summa Theologica (often called Summa)
g.Main contributions to Christian thought
~His arguments for the existence of God (the "Five Ways")
~The principle of analogy, which provides an understanding for knowing God through the creation
~The relation between faith and reason
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| Duns Scotus & William of Occam |
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a. Franciscan
b. Emphasized individual and corporate poverty |
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a. French scholastic best known for moral influence theory of the atonement
b. Criticized the ransom theory
c. Was criticized for diminishing necessity for the crucifixion
d. Known for love affair with Eloise |
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a. Franciscan
b. Emphasized individual and corporate poverty
c. 1221 -1274
d. Italian scholastic theologian
e. Teachings merged mysticism and Platonism
f. Advocating that knowledge cannot come from reason alone, but from virtue and fellowship with god |
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a. Augustinian
b. Emphasized that salvation is to be understood as a work of God |
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| Heinrich Institor Kramer and Jacob Sprenger |
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Definition
a. Dominican Inquisitors
b. "Malleus Malefecarum"
~The main purpose of the Malleuswas to attempt to systematically refute arguments claiming that witchcraft does not exist, to discredit those who expressed skepticism about its reality, to claim that witches were more often women than men, and to educate magistrates on the procedures that could find them out and convict them |
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