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| the view that psychology (1)should be an objective science that (2)studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) not with (2) |
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| historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people |
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| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language) |
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| the science of behavior and mental processes |
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| the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture |
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| the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival and will most likely be passes on to succeeding generations |
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| the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
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| an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social-cultural levels of analysis |
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| pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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| scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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| a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
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| a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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| a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy |
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| the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive |
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| a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups |
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| enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning |
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| a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review |
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| The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
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| Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate |
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| The postexperimental explanation of a study, including it's purpose and any deceptions, to it's participants |
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| An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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| View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences |
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| In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
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| Friends theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
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| According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
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| A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
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| The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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| The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement(the conscience) and for future aspirations |
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| The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
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| According to Freud, a boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
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| The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos |
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| According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were resolved |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
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| Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history |
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| A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamic |
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| The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations f the blots |
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| A theory of death-related anxiety; explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
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| View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
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| According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill ones potential |
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| Unconditional positive regard |
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| According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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| All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am I?" |
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| A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
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| A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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| The mostly widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered it's most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
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| A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
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| social-cognitive perspective |
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| views behavior as influenced by the interactions between peoples traits(including their thinking) and their social context |
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| the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition and environment |
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| the extent to which we perceive control over our environment |
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| the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate |
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| internal locus of control |
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| the perception that you control your own fate |
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| the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards |
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| the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
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| the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive |
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| in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions |
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| overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) |
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| one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
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| a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
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| excessive self-love and self-absorption |
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