Nitrogenous base - sugar - phosphate group

Class of large biological molecules that are not usually regarded as polymers

hydrophobic. most important ones are fats, phospholipids , and steroids.

structural polysaccharides

exoskeleton of arthropods and in cell walls of fungi

dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides

called a glycosidic linkage

Simple carbohydeates, single sugars.

Made from many connected monosaccharides

usually have molecular formulas that are multiples of CH₂O 

reverse of dehydration process. 

adds water to break apart polymers

used often to make macromolecules.

bonding of 2 monomers by loss of water molecules

• Macromolecules

Large biological molecules 

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acid

Adenosine triphosphate 

Primary energy transferring molecule

surrounded by membrane (phospholipid bilayer) that is interwoven with cholesterol and protein.

Filled with organelles that each have their own membrane

Selective barrier around cell that allows certain things in and out  

(phospholipid bilayer) 

formed around nucleus

each membrane has lipid bilayer 

condenses to form chromasomes

formed by DNA and proteins

Particles made of Ribosomal RNA and protein

Carry out protein synthesis in cytosol and on outside of ER or nuclear envelope 

Nuclear envelope

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Vacuoles

Plasma Membrane

2 regions

accounts for more than half of total membrane in cell

no ribasomes attached 

synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies poison, stores calcium 

ribasomes stuck to it

bound ribasomes secrete glycoproteins, distribute transport vesicles, membrane factory for cell

modifies production of ER

Manufactures macromolecules

Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

not part of endomembrane system

have double membrane

have proteins made by free ribasomes 

contain their own DNA

makes 2 compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules. uses hydrolysis

fuses with food vacuole and digests molecules

cell that engulfs another cell

forms a food vacuole

metabolic compartments w/ single membrane 

produce hydrogen peroxide to break apart molecules 

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments 

thickest fibres in cytoskeleton. tubulin self aggregates into tubes

control beating of cilia and flagella

Core of microtubules

Basal Body (anchor point)

Dynein (drives bending movement)

Arms alternately grab, move, and release outer microtubules

Protein crosslinks limit siding

Forces exerted by dynein cause doublets to curve, bending cilia and flagella

Cell walls of plants

extracellular matrix of animal cells (filler between cells)

intercellular junctions

extracellular structure that distinguishes plant from animal cells

made of cellulose fibres embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins

primary: thin and flexible

middle lamella: thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells

secondary wall: added between plasma membrane and primary cell wall

Plasmodesmata: channels between adjacent cell walls

provide support, adhesion, etc. to animal cells. 

made up of glycoproteins

Tight junctions: membranes of neighboring cells pressed tightly together. no leakage 

Desmosomes: anchoring junctions. direct interactions

gap juctions: communication. gaps provide cytoplasmic channels between cells

channels that perforate cell walls

water and small solutes can pass

lateral drifting

very rarely flips upside down

influences membrane fluidity

warm temp: restrains movement 

Cool temp: maintains fluidity

transport

enzymatic activity

signal transduction

cell-cell recognition

intercellular joining

attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

difference in concentration of substance from one area to another 

passive transport

moves substance against concentration gradient

requires energy

allows cell to maintain concentration gradient that differ from surroundings 

takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from plasma membrane

reverse of exocytosis