Term
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Definition
*Sumerian
*from Eshnuna, now Tell Asmar
*tallest is 30 in.
*emphasis on beards
*found buried carefully under floor of Temple of Abu
*very large eyes to "keep fixed on the god"
*buried for preservation and protection
*figures originally place in temple in front of cult statue
*looking up and forward carrying offerings
*function as a perpetual prayer |
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Term
| Great Lyre with Bulls Head
[image] |
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Definition
*Sumerian
*represents wealth
*displays picture of scorpion god
*musical instrument
*bull has a beard (somewhat out of place)
*royal, very costly, imported from Afghanistan
*inlayed with glyptic art: man taking over bulls (mythology), animals acting human, picture of bull's head lyre, a banquet, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
*Sumerian
*located in Ur
*Nanna is moon god
*heavily restored
*temple was center of city, most important
*high priest was god-like
*enormous staircase to "approach god"
*designed with niches and buttresses
*made from sun-dried brick, less well preserved than the pyramids |
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Term
| Votive Statue of Gudea
[image] |
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Definition
*Sumerian
*ensei of Legash
*made of dioryte
*20 statues of him have survived
*refers to God as "his king"
*writing on robe
*not a portrait, placed before the temple statue as an offering
*acts in place of Gudea in front of alter
*offering the god water
*petitions the god through the cult statue
*more lifelike than the votive figures
*muscle represents power and strength
*no beard |
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Term
| Head of Akkadian Ruler
[image] |
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Definition
*Akkadian
*found in a rubbish heap in Ninevah
*Sargon, first ruler, powerful, bearded
*copper-cast statue (copper alloy)
*eyes were inlayed, later gouged out
*deliberate mutilation
*patterned, unrealistic beard
*wearing linen, folded headcloth--leadership or kingship
*quality of material and craftsmanship indicated power or royalty |
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Term
| Stele of Narum-Sin
[image] |
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Definition
*Akkadian
*Sargon's grandson, king of the four corners of the earth
*stele, engraved stone
*a conquering is being depicted, pleading and dying enemies, military conquest
*from city of Sousa
*celebrating defeat of mountain people
*gods depicted as symbols
*artist represented landscape and setting, narrative inscription as well as commemoration
*Narum-Sin larger than others, has a beard, weapons, headdress with horns (viking)
*horns symbol of the gods, Narum-Sin equating himself with gods |
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Term
| Stele of Hammurabi
[image] |
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Definition
*Old Babylonian
*6th in a long line of Babylonian kings
*7 ft. long, image on the top, 3500 words fill the rest, law codes institued by Hammurabi, brought power to him
*image of Hammurabi and sun god Shamash, has ring and rod, symbol of gods
*Shamash seated on temple-like throne
*gods giving Hammurabi authority, those who could not read could recognize his authority
*strong arms like Gudea
*elaborate, unreal beards, moved to the side so they could be seen from the front and show power, wisdom through age |
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Term
| Human-headed Winged Bulls (lamassu)
[image] |
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Definition
*Assyrian
*colossal in size
*set in pairs
*five legs, to be seen from the front and the side
*head of Assyrian king or god, very patterned beard and gods' helmet
*protected the city and palace
*placed in various places throughout city
*wings allow them to travel and go anywhere, human head demonstrates knowledge |
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Term
| Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions
[image] |
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Definition
*Assyrian
*from the palace
*slabs of stone decorated palace
*shows the kings strength and power
*propaganda for the king, one of intimidation and power
*ability to kill lions shows great power
*king protecting his people, lion represents the enemy
*dying lions emphasize strength
*stone carving |
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Term
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Definition
| temple structure on top; bridge between heaven and earth; layered because built one on top of another; mud brick |
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Term
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Definition
| everyone is designated to play certain roles; a society built around the gods |
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Term
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Definition
| an image created as a devotional offering to a god or other deity |
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Term
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Definition
| high priest of ziggurat and god |
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Term
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Definition
| a stone slab placed vertically and decorated with inscriptions or reliefs; used as a grave marker or memorial |
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Term
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Definition
| supernatural guardian-protector of ancient Near Eastern palaces and throne rooms, often represented sculpturally as a combination of the bearded head of a man, powerful body of a lion or bull, wings of an eagle, and the horned headdress of a god, and usually possessing five legs |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote book "Ninevah and its Remains" |
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Term
| Palette of Narmer
[image] |
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Definition
*Predynastic
*found in late 19th century (Nehken)
*Hieraconpolis, temple complex, buried underneath the floor
*carved on both sides, divided into three sections
*bulls horns on human head, catfish and chisel, resembles Mesopotamian saw
*Narmer is large, hierarchical scale
*smiting the enemy, enemy is submissive and weak
*palette used for mixing makeup
*servant has pharoah's shoes, holy ground, ritual act
*falcon conquering enemy
*papyrus from lower Egypt, taking over the land and the people
*bull (king) conquering cities, enemy beheaded
*joining of the two lands
*small flagbearers represent nomes
*king has the tail of a bull, false beard, detail in leg muscle
*defeated the enemy, displaying the dead |
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Term
| Step Pyramid of Djoser
[image] |
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Definition
*Old Kingdom
*first entirely stone structure built by man (quarried, cut, set in place)
*moved into monumental architecture
*mastaba (bench) tombs, chapel, serdab, burial shaft and chamber
*mastaba tombs placed one upon another
*built in Sahara, huge complex strictly for his death
*surrounding buildings are artificial, foil thieves, something for the king's afterlife, mirrors palace |
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Term
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Definition
*Old Kingdom
*few kings after Djoser
*80 or 90 pyramids in Egypt
*three pyramids of Giza
*built east to west, life in the east, death in the west
*temple connected to pyramid
*chambers built as pyramid goes up |
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Term
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Definition
*Old Kingdom
*largest pyramid
*father built four pyramids, achieved true pyramid
*building methods unknown
*tomb
*originally covered in smooth limestone
*entrance on north side
*4 chambers
*Petrie discovered 3 inch Khufu statue
*inner chambers faced with massive granite stones |
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Term
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Definition
*Old Kingdom
*pyramid of Giza
*Sphinx in front
*sculpture, a number of statues of Khafre were found
*made of dioryte
*very stiff and formal
*for his afterlife
*idealized image
*Nemes headdress (linen)
*displayed as being very fit
*hand is grasping something, not sure what
*Sima Tawa on throne, upper and lower Egypt
*lions on the throne, symbol of king
*falcon is Horace protecting king |
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Term
| Menkhaure and a Queen
[image] |
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Definition
*Old Kingdom
*found in his valley temple
*statue very much like Khafre
*dress is unrealistically tight and contoured, shows off womanly form, ideology of women
*8 of these statues
*queen has arm around him, support
*man and woman equal and proportional size |
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Term
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Definition
*Old Kingdom
*wooden statue, several pieces of wood, plastered and painted
*depiction of a man who is not royalty
*more realistic, not idealized or perfected
*from a private tomb |
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Term
| Portrait Panel of Hesira
[image] |
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Definition
*Old Kingdom
*come from the private tomb of Hesira, a scribe
*made of wood
*placed along the corridor of tomb
*features are shown the way they look the best, no distinguished right or left foot
*canon of proportions, grid system (to replicate)
*who he is is more important than what he is doing |
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Term
| Ti Watching the Hippopotamus Hunt
[image] |
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Definition
*Old Kingdom
*on a skiff
*measured in hierarchical scale
*small hippos, not to scale
*not true to real life
*image on the wall of Ti's tomb
*idealization/symbolic rendering of Ti's life, not something he would actually do, makes him look stronger |
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Term
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Definition
*Middle Kingdom
*reunified country
*known as both I and II
*from Thebes, central Egypt, statue found on its side
*wrapped in linen while paint was still wet
*painted sandstone
*painted with black skin
*very large feet
*made very quickly
*reigned almost 50 years
*country had been at war, lacking skilled artisans
*king is tied to god of the dead, perhaps justifies black skin, Osiris
*wearing the red crown
*looks god like |
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Term
| Pectoral of Senusret II
[image] |
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Definition
*Middle Kingdom
*found in the tomb of his daughter
*his name in the cartouche
*necklace-like
*very symmetrical
*features the god Iteh, time recorded on notched palm branches, represents millions of years
*captures the ideal of perpetuating life and fertility, millions of years of life for Senusret II
*made for daughter as protection of the king |
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Term
| Senwosret III (fragment)
[image] |
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Definition
*Middle Kingdom
*brown quartzite stone
*appears haggard and aged, creases in the forehead, frowning
*during the middle kingdom we begin to see signs of age and weariness
*disappears by new kingdom |
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Term
| Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut
[image] |
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*female reigns as king for 20 years
*temple complex to her father
*based on Montuhotep's plans
*divine birth, really the daughter of Aman-Ra
*attempts to legitimize rule
*rules after husband dies and her step son is too young to take over king’s rule
*temple had statues in front of pillars
*she is portrayed as Osiris |
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Term
| Seated Statue of Hatshepsut
[image] |
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Definition
*she undergoes transformation from appearing female to male
*based on based kingly iconography, Khafre
*put together as fragments
*this particular seated statue has her depicted as her own female form |
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Term
| Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Amen, Karnak
[image] |
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*a detail of Hypostyle Hall in Thebes
*New Kingdom temple
*enormous hall
*setting for homage of the gods
*place for kingly propaganda |
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Term
| Colossal Figure of Akhenaten
[image] |
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*Amarna period
*Amarna built by Akhenaten
*from temple at Karnak
*not portrayed in the typical kingly manner |
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Term
| Akhenaten and His Family
[image] |
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*because he was high priest, wanted to be depicted as both male and female
*elongated face and feminine features
*believed in monotheism in a time that it was unheard of
*solar disc (Ahten) shines down only on royal family
*destruction centered on the god Amin, rejected by Akhenaten
*female theory shot down because women were not depicted as curvacious
*ruled for 17 years
*don't know what happened to him
*tomb pillaged shortly after death |
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Term
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*name means "the beautiful one has come"
*found at a sculptor's workshop
*icon of Ancient Egypt
*painted limestone
*portrays the idea of human and female beauty |
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Term
| Interior of the Coffin of Tutankhamen
[image] |
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*born Tutanaken
*no reference to him at Amarna
*we do not know who his father is
*comes to rule at age 9, rules for about ten years
*dies and buried in Valley of the Kings
*obscured the entrance
*Howard Carter and Lord Carvarvon financed excavation
*specifically looks for this tomb
*Carter finds royal tomb unplundered in 1922
*hundreds of valuable things found inside
*weighs 300 lbs
*covered in gold
*holding the crook and the flail
*inlayed eyes and images of the gods/godesses
*solid gold
*hieroglyphics down the center
*resin poured over coffin |
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Term
| Pectoral of Tutankhamen
[image] |
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*named Khepru
*dung beetles
*observe nature and takes scarab beetle as symbol
*viewed the pushing of poo as the progression of the sun god across the sky
*Tut's name written out
*prenomen, Nebkheprure (lordly representation of Re) |
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Term
| Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel
[image] |
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*dynasty 19
*mummy has been well preserved
*ruled for 50 or 60 years
*Abu Simbel is carved mountain
*found in 19th century by Belzoni
*four 60/70 ft. seated statues of Ramses
*wife and mother at feet, massive hierarchical scale
*walls covered with accounts of Ramses
*light would shine in on cult statues
*Ramses on same level as the gods
*cut up temple and reassembled further away to avoid the flooding of Lake Nasser
*Nefertari beloved queen |
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Term
| Queen Nefertari Making an Offering to Isis
[image] |
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*very elaborate tomb near the Valley of the Kings
*found in 1904 by an Italian
*wearing a robe with changes in fashion, elaborate crown
*Isis holds the ankh and scepter
*all funerary imagery in tomb
*offering to Isis in order to gain a favor |
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Term
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*private tomb painting
*all sorts of animal life
*Nabanum accompanied by wife and daughter
*wife is dressed for a banquet
*not actually fowling on the marshes
*imagery in tomb for hope of lots of game in afterlife, not biographical |
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Term
| Judgement of Hu-Nefer Before Osiris
[image] |
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Definition
*New Kingdom
*from the tomb of Hu-Nefer
*scene commissioned from the book of the dead
*depicts Maat, goddess of justice, overseeing the weighing of the heart against the feather of Maat
*Ammit at the base of scale, the devourer waits at the scale to devour the heart if it weights against Hu-Nefer
*Horace brings Hu-Nefer to shrine, outcome is good for Hu-Nefer |
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Term
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Definition
| Black Land; fertility, growing, abundance, life |
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Term
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Definition
| stone with three tiers of writing, from top to bottom: hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek |
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Term
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Definition
| found Rosetta Stone; three languages on the stone, one Greek, therefore hieroglyphics translatable; 1822 he translates Rosetta Stone and stories can now be deciphered |
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Term
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Definition
| 1880 goes to Egypt; recognizes the value of small-scale finds; cares about discovering ancient Egyptian culture and timelines; trains archeologist in methodology |
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Term
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Definition
| Italian traveler, famous; interested in going to Egypt to instate a hydraulic system which failed; takes antiquities back to England; discovers many artifacts, displays in Picadilly square; generates public interest in Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
| the life force of an individual; distinguished between life and death; upon death, ka separates from the body; needs a statue to reside in, ka statue; life |
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Term
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Definition
| a flat-topped, one-story structure with slanted walls over an ancient Egyptian underground tomb |
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Term
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Definition
| confusing passageways to foil potential tomb robbers |
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Term
| Cannon of Proportions and Egyptian Grid System |
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Definition
| a set of ideal mathematical ratios in art based on measurements of the human body; a system of regularly spaced horizontally and vertically crossed lines that gives regularity to an architectural plan |
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Term
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Definition
| waters of Nun (Nu); waters of chaos; ben-ben stone emerges from withi; reflected in pyramids and obelisks |
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Term
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Definition
| Old Kingdom funerary text |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle Kingdom funerary text |
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Term
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Definition
| all funerary texts from the New Kingdom; when planning for afterlife, one would commission chapters to be enacted |
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Term
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Definition
| son of Geb and Nut, brother of Seth, Isis, and Nephthys; takes Isis as wife, becomes king of Egypt; Seth kills brother, hacks body up, and snatches throne; Isis and Nephthys gather up remains of Osirus and with Anubis, patch him back together; Isis conceives his son, Horus; Horus becomes king after conquering Seth and Osiris returns to the underworld to rule |
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Term
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Definition
| the moment the creator god emerged and took form in order to give birth to creation |
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