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The scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings and actions are affected by others.
Social psychologists rely most heavily on experimental methods. |
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Why do we help?
Reciprocate favors
Empathy
Social Responsibility Norm
- (remember the experiment with monkeys helping each other get food) |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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the tendency of observers, when analyzing another’s behavior to:
• underestimate the impact of a situation AND
• overestimate the impact of personal
disposition |
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Compliance
the target of social influence is first asked to agree to a small request, but later asked to comply to a larger request.
Example: Safe Driving Petition -> Erect Lawn Sign “Drive Carefully” (1/4 of those asked agreed to do so) |
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Compliance
a large request, to which refusal is expected, is followed by a smaller one.
Example: Unpaid Counselors for 2 weeks, 2 years, NO! -> taking a group of delinquents on a 2 hour trip
to the zoo. 50% agreed |
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Compliance
customer is offered a deal at an initial inflated price; then immediately after the inital offer an incentive, or bonus is offered to cinch the deal.
Example: Car Dealerships |
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Notice ->Interpret -> Assume Responsibility -> Take action
A person alone is more likely to help than when a lot of people are around
Kitty Genovese |
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Helping others - why do we help?
bystander effect
Social exchange theory |
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| Social responsibility norm |
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| the societal idea that you should help people even when it doesn't benefit you. |
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the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks when in the presence of other people.
Competition increases performance. |
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When people are in a group, they tend to put forth less effort.
An individual assumes that his responsibility is less because there are others there.
Remember tug-of-war when subjects thought there was someone else pulling behind them. |
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a loss of individual identity and a gaining of the social identity of the group
Biggest example: US military |
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Conformity • Suggestibility
Promoting Commitment to a Group • Conditions that Stengthen Conformity
Culture and Conformity
• Individualism - personal identity, uniqueness, freedom and worth of an individual are central.
• Collectivism - the well-being of the group is more important than the individual.
Obedience
Compliance |
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| Normative vs. informational |
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Definition
Informational social influence occurs when one turns to the members of one's group to obtain and accept accurate information about reality.
Normative social influence occurs when one conforms to be liked or accepted by the members of the group. |
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Us vs. Them
Ingroup vs. Outgroup |
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social factors of prejudice
Seeing "us" or "ingroup" as individuals, and "them" or "outgroup" as all the same. |
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Prejudice - an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
Stereotype - a generalized belief about a group of people
Prejudice can be changed; stereotype cannot. |
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Occurs in groups of people trying to solve a problem. They become so absorbed in finding a solution that they fail to realistically consider their plan.
Example: Bay of Pigs, Pearl Harbor |
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• we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two or our thoughts are inconsistent.
• The more responsible we feel for doing a troubling act, the more discomfort we feel.
• The more discomfort we feel, the more we try to find consistency (change our attitudes) |
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Study on obedience
Subjects were instructed by the experimenter to deliver shocks to a "victim". Around 65% of subjects would continue to deliver what they believed were fatal shocks, even when the victim complained of pain and a heart condition. |
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Study on conformity
When asked to identify two lines of the same length, subjects would answer incorrectly if in a group of actors that all answered incorrectly. |
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Obedience increases in a group where others obey.
Obedience increases with the proximity of authority figure.
Obedience decreases if even one other person refuses to obey. |
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| According to Skinner: positive reinforcement is superior to punishment in altering behavior. He maintained that punishment was not simply the opposite of positive reinforcement; positive reinforcement results in lasting behavioral modification, whereas punishment changes behavior only temporarily and presents many detrimental side effects |
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| The limbic system (or Paleomammalian brain) is a set of brain structures, including the hippocampus, amygdalae, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, limbic cortex and fornix, which seemingly support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction |
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American social psychologist.
He conducted various studies and published articles during his lifetime, with the most notable being his controversial study; the Milgram Experiment, conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale. Milgram was influenced by the events of the Nazi Holocaust to carry out an experiment that would demonstrate the relationship between obedience and authority. |
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| psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University. . He is known for his Stanford prison study. |
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an American Gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology
Conducted Asch Line Test, conformity experiment |
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Psychologist who studied social learning theory, social cognitive theory, and aggression.
Known for bobo doll experiment. |
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Austrian psychologist whose work was related to the Gestalt school.
marked the starting point of attribution theory. |
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| an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations – that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. |
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| Studying human mental processes and behavior with the idea that biological, psychological, and social factors all have influence. |
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