Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells depend on a fluid environment |
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Term
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Definition
Essential to metabolism
Water or fat soluble |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalysts for biochemical reactions |
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Term
| What is the process of digestion? |
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Definition
| Begins in the mouth and ends in the small and large intestine |
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Term
| What is the process of absorption? |
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Definition
Intestine is the primary site for absorption
Absorption uses the processes of active transport, passive diffusion, and osmosis. |
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Term
| What is metabolism and storage of nutrients? |
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Definition
Anabolic and catabolic reactions
Metabolic reactions include glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, and gluconeogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chyme is moved through peristalsis into the large intestines and turned into feces |
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Term
| How does culture/genetics effect nutrition? |
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Definition
Religion, cultural background, ethics, health beliefs, preference
Immigrants
Cultural heritage- i.e. perspectives of obesity; clarification of what is food?
Low-income |
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Term
| What are the reasons for assessing nutrition? |
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Definition
1.) Malnourishment
2.) Risk for developing malnourishment
3.) Establish a baseline database for nourishment |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of malnutrition? |
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Definition
1.) Obesity
2.) Marasmus
3.) Kwashiorkor |
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Term
| What do infants and children require in their diets? |
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Definition
| need calories, no low fat or skim milk |
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Term
| What do adolescents need in their diets? |
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Definition
| caloric requirements increase |
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Term
| What do pregnant/lactating women need in their diets? |
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Definition
| increase nutritional needs |
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Term
| What do adults need in their diet? |
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Definition
| caloric need stabilizes; diseases may begin |
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Term
| What does the aging adult need in their diet? |
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Definition
| decrease in energy requirements due to lose of muscle mass, however vitamin and mineral needs remain the same |
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Term
| What are the 4 parts of a nutritional assessment? |
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Definition
1) Questionnaires: Mini Nutritional; Nutritional History
2) Height, Weight, skinfold thickness, Body Mass index, Waist to hip ratio
3) Lab tests
4) Physical examination |
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Term
| What is the subjective data included in the nutritional questionnaire? |
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Definition
| eating patterns, usual weight, changes, chronic illness, nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, medications, self-care behaviors, alcohol, exercise, family history of disease |
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Term
| What other tools are used in a nutritional assessment? |
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Definition
24-Hour diet recall
Food diaries
Direct observation |
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Term
| What equipment is needed to get height, weight, skin fold thickness, BMI and waist to hip ratio? |
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Definition
Measurement tape
Pen or pencil
Scale |
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Term
| How should you measure the height of the aging adult? |
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Definition
| measure arm span instead of head to foot |
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Term
| What are the categories of BMI classifications? |
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Definition
<18.5 Underweight
18.5 – 24.9 Normal wt
25.0 – 29.9 Overweight
30.0 – 39.9 Obese
> 40 Extremely Obese |
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Term
| How do you calculate BMI? |
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Definition
Weight (lb)
__________
Height (in)^2
Then multiply the whole thing by 705 |
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Term
| What does a hip circumference of 1.0 or > in men or 0.8 or > in women indicate? |
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Definition
| Indication of upper body obesity and increasing risk of obesity-related diseases & early mortality |
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Term
| What does a waist circumference of > 35” in women or > 40” in men mean? |
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Definition
| Increased risk of cardiovascular or metabolic dz |
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Term
| What does a hemoglobin test detect? |
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Definition
| Detects iron deficiency anemia |
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Term
| What is an increased hemoglobin level indicate? |
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Definition
| hemoconcenration (dehydration) |
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Term
| What does a decreased hemoglobin level indicate? |
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Definition
| anemia, recent hemorrhage, or hemodilution (fluid retention) |
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Term
| What does hematocrit measure? |
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Definition
| Measure of cell volume and iron status |
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Term
| What are the normal levels of hematocrit? |
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Definition
Adult males: 42% to 54%
Adult women: 38% to 46% |
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Term
| What are the normal levels of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
Male: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
Female: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL |
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Term
| What does a cholesterol test do? |
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Definition
| Evaluates fat metabolism & assess risk of CV dz |
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Term
| What cholesterol level puts people at a moderate risk? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cholesterol level puts people at a high risk of CAD, HA, CVA, PVD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a triglyceride test screen for? |
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Definition
| for hyperlipidemia, risk for CV dz |
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Term
| What triglyceride level is borderline dangerous? |
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Definition
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Term
| What triglyceride level puts people at a high risk for CAD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a serum protein test indicate? |
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Definition
Protein status
Not an early indicator of protein malnutrition |
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Term
| What do low levels of serum proteins indicate? |
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Definition
| Low levels occur with protein-calorie malnutrition, altered hydration status, & decreased liver function |
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Term
| What is the normal range for serum protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the normal pre albumin levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is pre albumin more effective in finding protein malnutrition? |
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Definition
| Sensitive of acute changes in protein status |
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Term
| What do high levels of pre albumin indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do low levels of pre albumin indicate? |
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Definition
| surgery, trauma, burns, infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Keratotic scaling lesions resuting from a deficiency of niacin |
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Term
| Where does pellagra affect people? |
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Definition
Prominent in areas exposed to the sun
Hands
Forearms
Neck
Legs |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency of vitamin C
Gums are swollen, ulcerated, & bleeding |
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Term
| What is follicular keratitis? |
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Definition
Deficiency of Vitamin A or linoleic acid (essential fatty acid)
Dry, bumpy skin |
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Term
| What else can follicular hyperkeratitis in infants/ |
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Definition
| Linoleic acid deficiency may also result in eczematous skin, especially in infants |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency of Vitamin A
Foamy plaques of the cornea |
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Term
| What does a severe vitamin a deficiency cause? |
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Definition
| conjunctival xerosis (drying) & progress to corneal ulceration, & finally destruction of the eye (keratomalacia) |
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Term
| What is kwashiorkor? What causes it? |
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Definition
Lack of protein & are under stress
Growth, parasitic or viral infections, major surgery, trauma, burns |
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Term
| What is the diet of a kwashiorkor affected person? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the other signs of kwashiorkor? |
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Definition
| Generalized edema, scaling areas of decreased pigmentation, & decreased hair pigmentation |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency of Vitamin D & Ca |
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Term
| Who is mostly effected by rickets? |
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Definition
| Seen in children as enlargement of epiphyseal growth plates & disorders of cartilage cell growth |
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Term
| What is rickets in adults? |
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Definition
| Seen in adults as osteomalacia |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency of riboflavin. |
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Term
| What does a pale tongue indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a beefy red tongue indicate? |
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Definition
| Vitamin B complex deficiency |
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Term
| What is HIV-associated malnutrition? |
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Definition
| Malnutrition associated with HIV |
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Term
| How does metabolic syndrome manifest itself? |
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Definition
Increase waist circumference
Elevated glucose
Increased blood pressure
Increased triglycerides
Decreased HDL |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate intake of protein & calories or prolonged starvation |
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Term
| What is marasmus associated with? |
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Definition
Anorexia
Bowel obstruction
Cancer cachexia |
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Term
| What is anorexia nervosa? |
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Definition
Refusal to maintain body wt over a minimal nml wt for age & ht
Intense fear of gaining
Disturbance in self-image
In females, absence of at least 3 consecutive menstrual cycles |
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Term
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Definition
Recurrent episodes of binge eating
Feeling a lack of control over eating
Regularly engages in self-induced vomiting, laxative/diuretic use, strict dieting/fasting, vigorous exercise
Minimum average of 2 binge episodes per week for at least 3 months |
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Term
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Definition
| excess amount of body fat when compared with lean body mass, at least 20% above upper limit of normal range for ideal body weight |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in body weight for height compared with standard, or up to 10% greater than ideal body weight |
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Term
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Definition
| severe negative effect on health, usually more than 100% above ideal body weight |
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Term
| What are the physical factors determining people's food choices? |
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Definition
-Food supply available
-Food technology
-Geography, agriculture, distribution
-Personal economics/income
-Sanitation/house
-Season/climate
-Storage/cooking facilities |
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Term
| What are the social factors in determining food choices? |
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Definition
-Advertising
-Education, nitrution
-Culture
-Political/Economic policies
-Religion/social customs
-Social class/role
-Social problems |
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Term
| What are the physiological factors determining people's food choices? |
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Definition
-Allergy
-Disability
-Health-disease status
-Heredity
-Personal food acceptance
-Needs, energy, nutrients
-Therapeutic diets |
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