--> Age Graded  (walking, graduation)

--> histroy graded (development based on life experiences, war...etc)

-->nonnormative (breaking a leg, winning the lotto) 

stage theory that focuses on the resolution of conflict between biological drives and social rules.

Created by Sigmond Freud

Explain what the 

ID

EGO 

SUPEREGO

are.........

Id-Devil on your shoulder

Ego-Middle man 

Superego-Angel on your shoulder

 birth                  1                             3                       6                                    11

[            ]            ]             ]                  ]                

     ORAL STAGE   ANAL STAGE   PHALLIC               Latency

OAPL! ...I love OAPLS:)

ERIKSON. 

Erikson added a cultrual aspect to Freud's theory and expanded the age range.

 birth                  1                             3                       6                 11              18            40        65

[            ]            ]             ]          ]        ]       ]       ] 

    trust vs.           Autonomy           Initiative            Industry      Identity      intimacy

        mistrust               vs                       vs.                      vs.                 vs.              vs

                                  Shame               Guilt                    Inferiority       inferiority   isolation

A learning theory...

responses to environmental stimuli determine our behaviors.

--> we only need to study observable behaviors. 

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate a bell with food. 

Watson taught "albert" to fear furry things 

The frequency of a behavior can be influenced by the use of reinforcers and punishments.

aka Skinner Box (rat presses the lever for food) 

learning occurs through watching the behaviors of other people

-->banduras bobo doll study 

Piaget's cognitive development theory

-thinking and learning changes happen in stages

-children actively costruct knowledge as they interact with thw world

| birth              2  |                      7|                11 |      -ado

 sensrimotor                                       preoperational                  concrete operat.         formal oper

Cultture and social interactions with others leads to learning and development 

-Vygotsky

Studies are either corretional or experimental in design 

Major limitation: correlation does not = causation

• Independent variable (IV): Variable the experimenter manipulates (i.e. changes) – assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable. (studying)

• Dependent variable (DV): Variable the experimenter measures, after making changes to the IV that are assumed to affect the DV   (test results)

What are:

zygote

embryo

fetus

zygote- fertilized egg which attaches to uterine wall becomes an....

embryo-organs forming, heart beating, then...

featus- 9th week until birth 

What does 

Altricial 

Precocial 

mean.....

Altricial- immature 

Precocial- mature 

APGAR SCALE 

measures...

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration

Rooting Reflex- rub side of face, turn toward rub

3 months becomes voluntary.

sucking reflex

Moro Reflex- throw arms out to prevent "falling" 

Palmar Grasp- holding onto fingers of others

Tonic Neck-Sleeping w/ 1 arm out and 1 bent @ head

Stepping- dissapears at 2-4 months 

Babinski- foot and toes curl. Dissapears 1 year

1st year: *height increases 50%

*weight triples

2nd year: *Gains 4-6 inches in height 

*gains 4-7 pounds 

What are the 

Temporal Lobe

Occipital Lobe 

Parietal Lobe

do for the brain ?

temporal lobe- sound

Occipital lobe- vision

parietal- touch 

*detects electrical signals 

*when there are spikes it is noted

*not accurate at showing where activity is happening 

Senses changes in magnetic field

*large "hair saloon" dryer type instrument 

*senses bloodflow with radioactivity tracer

*done usually for clinical purposes 

*good @ detecting where things are NOT WHEN

*looks at changes in oxygen

*NOT FOR CHILDREN 

*uses infared light, light bounces off blood comes out

*light looks different if blood is oxygenated vs. not

What are the milestones of gross motor development 

(gross=big)

1) raise head [2 months]

2) sit up unassisted [6 months]

3) pull self up to stand [8 months]

4) stand on own using furniture [9 months]

5) Stand well [11 months] 

*newborns enter the world with the ability to imitate 

*watching the actions of others activates cells in the motor cortex called mirror neurons (highly controversial)

*some early imitation may may be a reflex, later voluntary action

*pre-birth measure (i.e. preferance for mother's voice) 

*post-birth measure of fear

believed in a stage theory approach to cognitive change.

*underestimates the ability of children 

*discontinuous approach 

Piaget: 

stage 1: sensorimotor 

from birth-2 years children learn primarily through assimilation and accomadation (schemas) 

*development is produced by the interplay 

1) reflexive (sucking; no goal)

2)primary circular reactions (focus on own body;learning aboout word)

3)secondary circular reactions (add objects;unintentional interactions-eli video)

4)coordination of secondary circular reactions (intentional)

5)tertiary circular reactions  (stack blocks, learn from senses)

6)mental representations (pretend play)

1) Reach for visible objects

2) partial occlusion 

3) Retrieval of occlided object  (A not B)

4) multiple visible displacement

5) invisible displacement 

continuous. 

Approach that claims we see the same type of thinking across development, but capacity grows.

oMental Strategies 

newborns: Cry

2-3 months: smiling, cooing, open vocal trat

4 mo: laughter

5/6 months:babbling own name

8:reduplicative/cabonical babbling [same syllable]

10:melodic contours

12:1st words about 13 of them