Term
| Involved in communication, separation of contents and charges and importing/exporting substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Includes thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments and affects structure, mobility, and division |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "packages" that contain secretory, digested, or ingested chemicals and are involved in remodeling structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| invaginations involved in migration, cell signaling, and membrane transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| merger of vesicles creates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to move substances and as sensors, made up of microtubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
utilize O2 and glucose to make ATP
generate heat
help regulate apoptosis
can produce oxygen radicals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increased mitochondrial biogenesis
Increased mDNA replication/transcription
Increased ATP production
Controlled Radical Oxidative Species production
Increased thermogenesis |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria response to acute stress |
|
|
Term
Decreased mitochondrial biogenesis
Decreased mDNA replication/transcription
Decreased ATP production
Increase Radical Oxidative Species production
Mutagenesis, lipid peroxidation
Apoptosis |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria response to chronic stress |
|
|
Term
protein targeted by ubiquitine tag which then moves into proteasome for break down and recycling.
Can be upregulated in times of starvation to generate ATP |
|
Definition
| Ubiquitin protease system |
|
|
Term
| Breakdown of aggresomes that don't fit into the proteasome is done by incorporation into |
|
Definition
| an autophagy which fuses with the lysosome |
|
|
Term
| Involved in protein production, post translational modification of proteins and ion concentration regulation |
|
Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) |
|
|
Term
| Involved in cell division and regulation of protein production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important in formation of hormones and second messenger proteins as well as stiffening of the membrane and intracellular communication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bind ligands or chemicals like proteins, peptides, or steroids to initiate a response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adhesion molecules that bind to the intracellular matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adhesion molecules that are involved in intracellular binding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmembrane pores that allow water movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmembranal channels that are always open |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| since pores do not open or close the magnitude of movement and permeability of the membrane is regulated by |
|
Definition
| the number of pores at the cells surface |
|
|
Term
| This regulates the number of pores in the kidney and therefore fluid regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these can open, inactivate or close to modulate the flow of ions into or out of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference in ion concentrations on either side of the membrane affect the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gap junctions aid in these two things |
|
Definition
1.rapid movement of ions and chemicals between cells
2.synchronization of activity in tissues |
|
|
Term
| these transmembrane proteins form gap junctions that are both transmembrane and transcellular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| made of all the same type of connexons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| made of different types of connexons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tissues in which syncronization is vitally important |
|
Definition
| uterus during contractions and the heart for synchronized contraction. |
|
|
Term
| allow rapid movement of solutes across membranes |
|
Definition
| Carriers Ex. Glut 1 allows glucose movt |
|
|
Term
| uses ATP to move ions across the membranes |
|
Definition
| Pumps Ex. Na+-K+ ATPase moves Na+ out of cell and K+ into cell |
|
|
Term
| located inside membranes to help generate intracellular signals |
|
Definition
| Enzymes Ex. Adenylyl cyclase form cAMP from ATP |
|
|
Term
| These are higher in the extracellular compartment than the intracellular in a resting cell |
|
Definition
| Na+, Ca++, Cl-, and glucose |
|
|
Term
| These have a negative charge and are very large therefore are usually found intracellularly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Concentration of Na+
Intracellularly is _________
Extracellularly is _________
in a resting cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Concentration of K+
Intracellularly is _________
Extracellularly is _________
in a resting cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Concentration of Ca++
Intracellularly is _________
Extracellularly is _________
in a resting cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Concentration of Cl-
Intracellularly is _________
Extracellularly is _________
in a resting cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Concentration of protein
Intracellularly is _________
Extracellularly is _________
in a resting cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Concentration of glucose
Intracellularly is _________
Extracellularly is _________
in a resting cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are higher in the intracellular compartment than the extracellular in a resting cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiencies in these areas change the protein levels extracellularly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement or flux of a substance across a membrane depends on these factors |
|
Definition
membrane thickness and permeability
chemical and electrical gradients across the membrane
temperature
size of molecules
solubility of molecules in the membrane |
|
|
Term
| the total concentration of the number of free particles in a solution measured in osmoles/L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pressure needed to overcome the flux of water from a region of high to low water concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of particles in a solution that can not cross the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if osmotic pressure is equal and isotonic conditions exist the net flux of water is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if osmotic pressure is low and hypotonicity exists the net flux of water is |
|
Definition
| into the cell causing swelling |
|
|
Term
| if osmotic pressure is high and hypertonicity exists the net flux of water is |
|
Definition
| out of the cell causing dehydration and shrinkage |
|
|
Term
| The hydrostatic pressure exceeds the osmotic pressure in the arteriolar end and the result is |
|
Definition
| increased water levels in the tissues |
|
|
Term
| at the venule end the hydrostatic pressure _____ and the osmotic pressure _____ resulting in water flowing back into the system |
|
Definition
decrease
increases due to water leaving |
|
|
Term
| increase in water levels in the tissues equals |
|
Definition
| increased vessel osmotic pressure, decreased blood volume and decreased hydrostatic pressures. |
|
|
Term
selectivity of molecules transported
saturation (transport maximum)
increased speed of transport
no energy needed
depends on concentration gradient |
|
Definition
| characteristics of carrier mediated transport |
|
|
Term
| transports exhibit selectivity and saturation and energy is needed |
|
Definition
| primary active transporters |
|
|
Term
selectivity of molecules
saturation (transport max)
increases speed of transport
energy needed
transports substances against a concentration gradient |
|
Definition
| characteristics of active transport |
|
|
Term
| main differences between active transport and simple diffustion |
|
Definition
| energy is needed and transport occurs against the concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| energy generated to move a molecule causes a gradient to develop for another molecule. Ex. Na+/glucose transporter |
|
Definition
| secondary active transporters or co-transporters |
|
|
Term
| the mode of communication that involves local release of chemicals from one cell that affects nearby cells that have receptors is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mode of communication that involves a chemical released by cell that acts on a receptor on that same cell is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mode of communication that involves hormones, cytokines, and chemokines traveling to distant receptors by the blood. will keep acting until degraded |
|
Definition
| endocrine communication or immune modulators |
|
|
Term
| GABA, Glutamate, Acetylcholine |
|
Definition
| Ligand gated or receptor gated ion channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G protein coupled receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| estrogen, glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Recognition of signal by receptor
Transduction to 2nd messenger and signaling cascade
Transmission to effectors (enzyme, channels, transcription modulation)
Response (opens channel, modifies protein production) |
|
Definition
| steps involved in signal transduction |
|
|
Term
| chemicals that bind to receptors and cause activation. could be natural or exogenous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemicals that inhibit the receptor by preventing naturally occurring substances from binding to the receptor. can be temporary or permanent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemically modifying a receptor to make it unable to respond to a chemical. inactivation due to second messenger system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased response to the same dose of a chemical. sometimes a result of increased receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| internalization of receptors from membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase or decrease in the numbers of receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevents interaction with chemical and no response occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
presynaptic stimulation of axon
Ca++ influx into axon
Transport of neurotransmitters into vesicles
Release of neurotransmitters into synapse
binding of ligand to receptor
inactivation or reuptake |
|
Definition
| steps in chemical communication |
|
|
Term
| 2 main differences that affect gradient difference |
|
Definition
concentration difference (chemical energy)
charge difference (electrical energy) |
|
|
Term
| different concentrations of charged ions on either side of a membrane contribute to the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Equilibrium potentials for:
Na+
Ca++
K+
Cl- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium has a positive charge but a negative equilibrium potential. Why? |
|
Definition
| it leaks out easily so it creates a negative membrane potential. |
|
|
Term
| The Em (resting membrane potential) depends on |
|
Definition
resting valence potentials
concentration differences
permeability |
|
|
Term
| The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation includes effects of ______ and _______ to determine the overall membrane potential |
|
Definition
permeability
ion concentrations |
|
|
Term
| resting potential in neurons and muscle are normally________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of ion movements in excitable tissues |
|
Definition
depolarization
hyperpolarization
action potentials |
|
|
Term
| inside is more positive relative to outside which happens with influx of positive ions. small and local |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inside more negative relative to outside. positive ions moving out or negative moving in. |
|
Definition
| hyperpolarization (not in muscle cell) |
|
|
Term
| special form of depolarization. Massive depolarization caused by opening of voltage gated channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during _____ the inside of the cell becomes more positive relative to the outside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during _____ the inside of the cell becomes more negative than the resting voltage due to influx of negative ions or outflow of positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contributes to maintenance of a negative resting potential |
|
Definition
Na+ - K+ ATPase
3Na+ out for every 2 K+ in |
|
|
Term
| helps maintain intracellular K+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disruption of the Na+ - K+ ATPase pump is caused by |
|
Definition
| decreases in ATP production by ischemia (decreased blood flow) or hypoxia (decreased O2) |
|
|
Term
| produces brevetoxin that causes inactivation of Na+ channel regulation and can lead to death |
|
Definition
| Karenia brevis or "red tide algae" |
|
|
Term
| a mutation of the K+ channel that causes abnormal inactivation, increased excitability, and muscle weakness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blocks Na+ channels and nerve conduction to "deaden pain" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increases Na+ channel excitability and can cause muscle cramps and cardiac arrhythmia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
potential with:
small amplitude
decrement over space
can be excitatory and inhibitory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
potentials with:
large amplitude
excitatory only
no decrement
happens by opening Na+ and Ca2+ channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allows signals to "jump" to increase the AP speed of movement down the axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ach, Norepi, Epi, dopamine, glutamate, serotonin |
|
Definition
| excitory = depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibitory = hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| these receptors open channels to allow Ca++ and Na+ to move into the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ion channels stimulated by glutamate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these receptors act through 2nd messenger systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| messenger systems arranged fastest to slowest |
|
Definition
| gap junction, ions, 2nd messenger system |
|
|
Term
| these receptors are found in the brain, ganglia and skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these receptors are found in smooth muscles, brain and heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diseases of the neurons that are a result of destruction of neurons |
|
Definition
Downs syndrome
ALS
Polio
Alzheimers
Stroke
Mad Cow disease
Parkinson's |
|
|
Term
| Disease of neurons that are a result of demyelination |
|
Definition
Multiple sclerosis
diabetes |
|
|
Term
1. stimulation of nerves by AP
2. Ca++ into the cell
3. Ach is released into the synaptic cleft
4. attachment to post synaptic receptors
5. Na+ floods into receptor cell
6. Ach broken down by AchE and choline is recycled back into cell |
|
Definition
| Steps of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction |
|
|
Term
Disease of the neuromuscular junction
antibodies to Ach receptors (nicotinic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Disease of the neuromuscular junction
blockade of presynaptic release of Ach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Disease of the neuromuscular junction
Ach-esterase inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Disease of the neuromuscular junction
blocks choline reuptake = decreased Ach production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Disease of the neuromuscular junction
competes with Ach for receptors blocking their action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Disease of the neuromuscular junction
Ach-esterase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| pesticides, sarin and monocrotophos |
|
|
Term
Disease of the neuromuscular junction
abnormal presynaptic calcium channels lead to less Ach release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Use surface or needle electrodes to measure the electrical activity of muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrical activity happens in a large abnormal pattern in EMG recordings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrical activity has constant stimulation but is reduced in units due to less muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle fibers consist of a syncytium of several cells that have merged and are thus multinucleated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sarcolemma invaginates into the muscle fiber forming_________ which are important for spreading AP through muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is important for getting O2 into muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these store and release Ca++ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inability of a muscle to maintain a given force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
muscle disorders, starvation, decreased # of mitochondria,
decreased blood supply (decrease nutrients and oxygen) |
|
Definition
| factors contributing to fatigue development |
|
|
Term
| contraction with no movement of the afterload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stretch on muscle increases
total tension increases
active tension decreases
actual work done decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
work of muscle increases
velocity of shortening decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
tension development (isometric)
no muscle movement |
|
Definition
| with a very heavy after load |
|
|
Term
Marathon fibers
High fatigue resistance
High Myoglobin content
Red color of fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sprint fibers
Intermediate fatigue resistance
High Myoglobin content
Red color of fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
shotput fibers
Low fatigue resistance
High anaerobic enzymes
low myoglobin content
large fiber diameter |
|
Definition
| Fast glycolytic (type IIb) |
|
|
Term
| result of motor neuron dysfunction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| result of decreased innervation of muscle due to nerve damage and loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small striated V shaped cell with gap junctions and 1 nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| no tetanus or summation occurs in cardiac muscle due to |
|
Definition
| very long AP and contraction times |
|
|
Term
dystrophies
overload due to increased volume or pressure
infections
infarctions (decreased blood flow and cell death) |
|
Definition
| causes of cardiac dysfunction |
|
|
Term
smallest cell size
unstriated
contraction and relaxation affects tone and diameter including wave-like activity
can contract to 50% or more of their length |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
innervation is similar to skeletal muscle with one nerve innervating very few muscle fibers
Multiunit
found in iris, vas deferens, and ciliary muscle of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
more massive uniform contraction
Unitary
found in GI tract, bladder, ureter, and uterus |
|
Definition
| gap junction smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| Necessary to initiate smooth muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| influx of extracellular Ca++ |
|
|
Term
Smooth muscle dysfunction
Angina
Asthma
Hypertension
intermittent perfusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth muscle dysfunction
hypertension
Asthma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smooth muscle dysfunction
Irritable bowel syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ach acts on which receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepi and Epi acts on which receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| found in presynaptic autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic) and CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| found in neuromuscular junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| found on all organs with parasympathetic innervation, some blood vessels, sweat glands and piloerector muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
vasoconstriction
iris dilation
intestinal relaxation
pilomotor contraction (hair standing up)
bladder sphincter contraction |
|
Definition
| physiologic response to Alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation |
|
|
Term
vasodilatation
bronchodilation
increased heart rate and cardiac contractility
intestinal relaxation, decreased motility
increased metabolic rate
bladder relaxation |
|
Definition
| physiologic response to Beta adrenergic receptor stimulation |
|
|
Term
drugs affecting muscarinic and nicotinic receptors:
muscarinic receptor agonist, used for asthma testing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
drugs affecting muscarinic and nicotinic receptors:
Ach esterase inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
drugs affecting muscarinic and nicotinic receptors:
muscarinic receptor antagonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
drugs affecting muscarinic and nicotinic receptors:
Stimulates postganglionic nicotinic neurons including the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
drugs affecting adrenergic receptors:
releases NE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
drugs affecting adrenergic receptors:
beta adrenergic receptor blocker used in heart failure patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
drugs affecting adrenergic receptors:
beta2 adrenergic receptor agonist, used in asthma therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
drugs affecting adrenergic receptors:
alpha adrenergic receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
