Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases myocardial contraction and stroke volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affects the conduction of the cells of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Influences the heart rate |
|
|
Term
| What is atrial fibrillation? |
|
Definition
| A cardiac dysrhythmia that has RAPID, UNCOORDINATED CONTRACTIONS of the atrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cardiac dysrhythmia where the heart contracts at 200-300 BEATS PER MINUTE |
|
|
Term
| How does the Sodium-Potassium pump work? |
|
Definition
| Normally, sodium levels are higher OUTSIDE of the cell than within. Sodium has to be pumped INTO the cell with the use of the Na-K pump. When the Na levels are high INSIDE of the cell, there is an influx of Ca which causes the heart to contract more efficiently. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the myocardium during heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is right-sided heart failure? |
|
Definition
| Blood/fluids back up into the peripheral tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is left-sided heart failure? |
|
Definition
| Blood/fluids back up into the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to afterload/preload during heart failure? |
|
Definition
| There is an increase in preload, which leads to an increase in after load. |
|
|
Term
| What causes excess preload in CHF? |
|
Definition
| excess blood volume in the ventricle at the end of diastole due to increased in elasticity of the ventricular walls r/t weakness of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What causes excess after load in CHF? |
|
Definition
| caused by excess resistance in the aorta, which must be overcome to open the aortic valve and eject blood into the circulation. |
|
|
Term
| How does blood flow INTO the heart? |
|
Definition
| Dirty, unoxygenated blood fills the RIGHT side of the heart to be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation. Clean, oxygenated blood comes in the LEFT side of the heart and then out for systemic use. |
|
|
Term
| Right side of the heart is _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left side of the heart is ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are causes of heart failure? |
|
Definition
-Chronic Hypertension
-Myocardial Infarction
-Coronary Artery Disease
-Valvular Heart Disease
-Congenital Heart Disease
-Aging |
|
|
Term
| What are some non pharmacological ways to treat heart failure? |
|
Definition
Limit salt intake to 2g/day
Limit alcohol use
NO SMOKING
NO OBESITY |
|
|
Term
| What lab results are important for monitoring CHF? |
|
Definition
-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Normal BNP = <100
CHF = >400 |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of CHF? |
|
Definition
1. High risk for HF w/o symptoms or structural disease
2. Some levels of cardiac changes
3. Structural heart disease w/ symptoms of HF
4. Severe structural heart disease and marked symptoms of HF @ rest |
|
|
Term
| How do cardiac glycosides work? |
|
Definition
| They inhibit the sodium-potassium pump. Increases the level of sodium INSIDE of the cell causing an influx of Calcium, which causes the heart muscle to contract more efficiently. |
|
|
Term
| What is cardiac glycosides positive INOTROPIC action? |
|
Definition
Increases myocardial contraction and stroke volume of the heart. This in turn strengthens cardiac, peripheral, and kidney function by:
-enhancing cardiac output
-decreases PRELOAD
-improves bloodflow to periphery + kidneys
-decreases edema
-promotes fluid excretion |
|
|
Term
| What is cardiac glycosides negative CHRONOTROPIC action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cardiac glycosides negative DROMOTROPIC action? |
|
Definition
| Decreases conduction of the heart cells through the AV node. |
|
|
Term
| B/c of cardiac glycosides dromotropic and chronotropic action, what can it also treat? |
|
Definition
| atrial fibrilation + flutter |
|
|
Term
| What happens when diuretics and digoxin are mixed? |
|
Definition
| Decreases K+ which leads the patient to become HYPOKALEMIC which leads to DIG TOXICITY |
|
|
Term
| What happens when Glucocorticoids and Digoxin are mixed? |
|
Definition
| Promotes sodium retention and loss of potassium ions which leads to HYPOKALEMIA which leads to DIG TOXICITY |
|
|
Term
| What happens when antacids and digoxin are mixed? |
|
Definition
| They decrease digitalis absorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal dig level range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of dig toxicity? |
|
Definition
N/V
Bradycardia
H/A
Blurred Vision
Halos
Confusion |
|
|
Term
| What is the antidote for dig tox? |
|
Definition
| Digibind. Combines with Dig and excretes it. |
|
|
Term
| What are the first line drugs to treat heart failure? |
|
Definition
INOTROPIC AGENTS (dopamine and dobutamine).
Vasodilate, increase SV, and cardiac output. |
|
|
Term
| What other drugs are used to treat CHF? |
|
Definition
-ACE inhibitors
-ARBs
-Diuretics
-Beta Blockers
-Vasodilators
-CCBs
-Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of vasodilators? |
|
Definition
| decrease venous blood return to the heart= decrease in cardiac filling, ventricular stretching (preload), and oxygen demand on the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of arteriolar dilators? |
|
Definition
| reduce cardiac afterload, which increased cardiac output; dilate the arterioles of the kidneys which improves renal perfusion and increases fluid loss; improves circulation to the skeletal muscles. |
|
|
Term
| What assessments should be made while giving Digoxin? |
|
Definition
Drug and herbal history.
If taking dig and a K-wasting diuretic or cortisone drug, hypokalemia might result, causing digitalis toxicity. A low serum potassium level enhances the action of digoxin. If taking a thiazide or cortisone with digoxin, take a potassium supplement.
Baseline HR, apical HR for 1 full minute and should be greater than 60 beats/min.
kidney dysfunction can effect excretion of dig.
Thyroid dysfuntion can alter metabolism of dig- hypothyroid may need to decrease dose, hyperthyroidism may need to increase dose. |
|
|
Term
| What planning should be done while giving Digoxin? |
|
Definition
| check HR daily prior to giving dig, if less than 60 report, eat diet high in K, avoid taking with antacids may decrease absorption, stagger doses. |
|
|
Term
| What teaching and interventions should be done while giving digoxin? |
|
Definition
| teaching, hold for HR less than 60, determine signs of peripheral and pulmonary edema, monitor dig levels (0.5-2ng/mL) greater than 2 is dig toxicity, monitor K levels (3.5-5.3 mEq/L) report less than 3.5 |
|
|
Term
| What is angina pectoris? What is its cause? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac pain. Caused by inadequate flow of blood to the myocardium due to plaque occlusion in coronary arteries and spasms of the coronary arteries. |
|
|
Term
| What is classic (stable) angina? |
|
Definition
| Occurs w. stress or exertion |
|
|
Term
| What is unstable (pre infarction) angina? |
|
Definition
| Occurs frequently over the day with progression of severity |
|
|
Term
| What is variant (spasmodic) angina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 steps to treating classic angina pectoris? |
|
Definition
1.) Nitrates
2.) Nitrates + Beta Blockers
3.) Nitrates + Beta Blockers + Calcium Channel Blockers
4.) Coronary artery bypass graft |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps in treating variant angina pectoris? |
|
Definition
1.) Nitrates OR Calcium Blockers
2.) Nitrates AND Calcium Blockers
3.) Coronary artery bypass graft |
|
|
Term
| What are the non pharmacological ways to treat angina? |
|
Definition
Avoid heavy metals, smoking, extremes in weather changes, strenuous exercise, and emotional distress.
Proper nutrition, moderate exercise, adequate rest, and relaxation techniques. |
|
|
Term
| How do antianginals work? |
|
Definition
| Decrease the workload of the heart and promotes vasodilation. |
|
|
Term
| What is nitrate? How does it work? |
|
Definition
ANTI-ANGINAL.
Vasodilates, decreases preload and contraction by relaxing smooth muscle, increases O2 supply but decreases the demand for it. |
|
|
Term
| How can nitrates be given? What are its side effects? |
|
Definition
Sublingual, topical, oral, inhaled, IV.
H/A, hypotension, dizziness, reflex tachycadia if its given too rapidly.
DO NOT GET NITRATE OINTMENT ON FINGERS.
DO NOT USE DEFIBRULATOR PADS ON TOP OF PATCHES -> SKIN BURNS MAY RESULT |
|
|
Term
| What is a beta adrenergic blocker? How does it work? |
|
Definition
ANTI-ANGINAL.
They are non selective/selective. Decreases the need for oxygen by decreasing the heart rate. Decreases after load. |
|
|
Term
| What is a calcium-channel blocker? How does it work? S/E? |
|
Definition
ANTI-ANGINAL
Decreases cardiac demand, relax arteriole spasms and relaxes the smooth muscle in the arteries.
H/A
Hypotension
Dizziness
Flushing |
|
|
Term
| What is a beta blocker? How does it work? |
|
Definition
ANTI-ANGINAL/DYSRHYTHMIC/HYPERTENSIVE
Decreases HR and myocardial contractility by blocking epinephrine and norepinephrine (sympathetic nervous system) which reduces the need and anginal pain.
Drugs end in OLOL. |
|
|
Term
| What is the choice drug for treating classic angina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who should't use beta blockers? |
|
Definition
| Clients with decreased HR, BP or second or third degree AV blocks cannot take beta blockers. |
|
|
Term
| What do non-selective beta blockers do? |
|
Definition
| cause bronchoconstriction, and impotence |
|
|
Term
| What do cardioselective beta blockers do? |
|
Definition
| act on beta1 receptor which decrease HR but avoids bronchoconstriction because of their lack of activitiy in beta 2. |
|
|
Term
| What are some calcium channel blockers? |
|
Definition
| Amlodipine (Norvasc), bepridil HCl (Vascor), diltiazem HCl (Cardizem), felodipine (Plendil), isradipine (DynaCirc), nicardipine HCl (Cardene), nifedipine (Procardia), nisoldipine (Sular), verapamil HCl (Calan, Isoptin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CCB’s relax coronary artery spasm (variant angina), and peripheral arterioles (stable angina), and decreasing cardiac O2 demand.
Also, decrease contractility (negative inotropic effect that relaxes smooth muscle), decreases afterload, decreases peripheral resistance and reduces the workload of the heart, which decreased the need for o2.
Verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem (cardizem) are effective for long-term treatment of angina. |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of CCB? What should you monitor? |
|
Definition
| Side effects: Headache, bradycardia, hypotension (more common with diltiazem). Peripheral edema may occur. Monitor changes in liver and kidney function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marked decrease in urine output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do osmotics, mercurial, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work on the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do loop diuretics work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do potassium sparing diuretics work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is 99% of Na filtered through reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit the sodium from being reabsorbed before excretion. |
|
|
Term
| What are diuretics used for? |
|
Definition
| Decrease hypertension or edema by producing diuresis and inhibiting reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidney tubules. |
|
|
Term
| Are thiazides taken alone or in combo? |
|
Definition
| combined w/ other drugs for hypertension |
|
|
Term
| What are diuretics antihypertensive effect? |
|
Definition
| promote Na and water loss by blocking Na and chloride reabsorption, causing fluid volume loss, lowering BP |
|
|
Term
| How does inhibiting reabsorption of sodium and water decrease hypertension or edema? |
|
Definition
| Causes fluid volume loss therefore lowers BP. |
|
|
Term
| If diuretics cause loss of sodium, could they also cause loss of other electrolytes such as potassium? |
|
Definition
Yes.
Causes loss of Na, K, Magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate. |
|
|
Term
| What are potassium-wasting diuretics? What 4 drugs fall into this category? |
|
Definition
Allow potassium to leave the body.
-Thiazide and thiazide-like
-Loop or high-ceiling
-Osmotic
-Carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| What are potassium-sparing diuretics? How are they used? |
|
Definition
| Keep potassium in the body. Used in combination. |
|
|
Term
| What do you need to have in order to take thiazide or thiazide-like drugs? |
|
Definition
| Normal renal fxn to be effective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vasodilation, lower BP, promote Na and Chloride and water excretion, resulting in decrease in vascular fluid volume and decrease in cardiac output and blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What serum abnormalities are associated w/ thiazide/thiazide-like drugs? |
|
Definition
Hypokalemia- low potassium (dig tox)
Hypomagnesemia- low magnesium
Hypercalcemia- high calcium (dig tox)
Hypochloremia- low chloride
Hyperuricemia-elevated serum uric acid level
Hyperglycemia-high glucose (use cautiously in diabetics)
Hyperlipidemia- elevated blood lipids |
|
|
Term
| What can thiazides be combined with to treat hypertension? |
|
Definition
| be combined with ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, alpha blockers, and angiotensin II blockers and centrally acting sympatholytics to control HTN. |
|
|
Term
| What lab levels should be noted when administering thiazides? |
|
Definition
Elevated BUN
Creatinine
Oliguria
Monitor electrolytes: K, Na, Ca, Mag, BG levels, lipid levels; s&s of hypokalemia- muscle weakness, leg cramps, cardiac dysrhythmias.
VS, I & O, weight, edema |
|
|
Term
| What drug history is important when administering thiazides? |
|
Definition
| digoxin (hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia may cause dig toxcity), corticosteroids ( causes Na retention and K excretion= hypokalemia), antidiabetics (thiazides affect metabolism of carbs= hyperglycemia), ginkgo (may increase BP when taken with thiazide diuretics), licorice (may increase K loss= hypokalemia) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of diuretic has the highest diuretic potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What serum level changes are associated with loop diuretics? |
|
Definition
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypochloremia
Hyperglycemia may occur in diabetic people
Hyperuricemia
Elevated BUN and creatinine
Elevated lipids |
|
|
Term
| How should thiazides and loop diuretics be used? |
|
Definition
Loop diuretics are less effective as antihypertensive agents than thiazides. Thiazides should be tried 1st and loops should not be prescribed if thiazides work to alleviate body fluid excess.
If Lasix is not effective alone, thiazide may be added, but lasix should never be combined with another loop diuretic |
|
|
Term
| What is the MAJOR difference between thiazide and loop serum levels? |
|
Definition
THIAZIDE = HYPERCALEMIC
LOOPS = HYPOCALEMIC |
|
|
Term
| If someone has a sulfa drug allergy, what can they not take? |
|
Definition
| Lasix or Bumex. Ethacrynic acid can be taken instead. |
|
|
Term
| Lasix and Bumex are what kind of drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do osmotic diuretics work? Mannitol |
|
Definition
| increase the osmolality (concentration) and sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. Causes Na, Chloride, K, and water excretion. |
|
|
Term
| What are osmotic diuretics used for? Mannitol |
|
Definition
| prevent kidney failure, to decrease intracranial pressure (ICP) and to decrease intraocular pressure (IOP). Can be used with chemotherapy drugs |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of osmotic diuretics? Mannitol |
|
Definition
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Tachycardia from rapid fluid loss |
|
|
Term
| Who should not use osmotic diuretics? |
|
Definition
| clients with heart disease and HF. Immediately discontinue if client develops HF or renal failure. |
|
|
Term
| What are potassium sparing diuretics? |
|
Definition
| A mild diuretic that DOES NOT PROMOTE POTASSIUM LOSS IN URINE |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects P.S. diuretics have on the body? Aldactone |
|
Definition
Hyperkalemia (do not need K replacements)
Effects when given with ACE inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What should you monitor while administering p.s. diuretics? Aldactone |
|
Definition
Checking for signs of hyperkalemia
Monitoring serum potassium levels
Urine output (report: less than 30ml/hr or less than 600ml/day) |
|
|
Term
| What should you not use while taking a P.S. diuretic? Aldactone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are P.S. diuretics taken? Aldactone |
|
Definition
| They are used in combination to reduce fluids and Na, combined with potassium-wasting diuretic (hydrochlorothiazided or a loop diuretic) |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a loop or a thiazide and a P.S. diuretic are combined? |
|
Definition
| Intensifies the diuretic effect and prevents potassium loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aldactone and hydrochlorothiazide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amiloride and hyrdochlorothiazide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triamterene and hydrocholrothiazide |
|
|
Term
A patient is taking furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg daily for
heart failure and hypertension. Fluid and electrolyte
imbalances are the most common side effects of
furosemide. Electrolyte imbalances that could occur
and should be monitored include: |
|
Definition
| low serum potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium. |
|
|
Term
| What contributing factors are known to cause hypertension? |
|
Definition
Family history
Hyperlipidemia
African-American
Diabetes (DM)
Obesity
Aging
Stress
Alcohol, smoking |
|
|
Term
| How do the kidneys regulate BP? |
|
Definition
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
Renin from the kidney stimulates production of angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor), which causes the release of aldosterone (hormone that promotes sodium and water retention). This fluid increase caused HTN. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure receptors in the aorta and the carotid sinus that regulate BP with Norepinephrine and epinephrine increase BP through vasoconstriction. |
|
|
Term
| ________ center in the medulla also controls BP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does ADH regulate BP? |
|
Definition
ADH stimulates the kidney to conserve and retain water when there is a fluid volume deficit.
When there is fluid overload, ADH is inhibited and the kidneys will excrete more water. |
|
|
Term
| What are some physiologic risk factors associated with hypertension? |
|
Definition
Excess fat and carbohydrate intake
Alcohol increases renin secretions=increase AngiotensinII=vasoconstriction
Obesity affects cardiovascular system
Nonpharmacologic control of hypertension: wt loss, Na restriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Systolic: <120
Diastolic: <80 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Systolic: 120-139
Diastolic: 80-89 |
|
|
Term
| What is Stage 1 Hypertensive? |
|
Definition
Systolic: 140-159
Diastolic: 90-99 |
|
|
Term
| What is Stage 2 Hypertensive? |
|
Definition
Systolic: >160
Diastolic: >100 |
|
|
Term
| What are the antihypertensive drug categories? |
|
Definition
-Diuretics
-Sympatholytics
-Direct Acting Arteriolar Vasodilators
-Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
-Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
-Direct Renin Inhibitor
-Calcium Channel Blocker |
|
|
Term
| What are the sympatholytic drugs? |
|
Definition
-Beta Adrenergic BLockers
-Centrally ACting Alpha 2 Agonists
-Alpha Adrenergic Blockers
-Adrenergic Neuron Blockers
-Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers
-Beta 1 Adrenergic Blockers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-cardioselective beta blockers work how? Propranolol |
|
Definition
| HR decreases, with continued use-B/P decreases, BRONCHOCONSTICTION due to bronchiospasm |
|
|
Term
| Who should not use non-cardioselective beta blockers? Propranolol |
|
Definition
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients |
|
|
Term
| Cardioselective beta blockers work how? Atenolol, Bisoporolol, Metoprolol. |
|
Definition
| Binds to beta-1 adrenergic receptor site and prevents the release of catecholomine. |
|
|
Term
| Who should not use a cardio beta blocker? |
|
Definition
clients with diabetes mellitus when taking beta blockers due to inhibits liver’s ability to convert glycogen to glucose
Not to be used with heart block or bradycardia. |
|
|
Term
| Beta Blockers are used in combination with a ________ for HTN. They are more effective in clients with an elevated serum _______ level. |
|
Definition
Diuretic. Renin.
There is a greater hypotensive response in clients with higher renin levels! |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of beta blockers? |
|
Definition
| marked decrease in blood pressure, insomnia, depression, nightmares, sexual dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you abruptly stop taking beta blockers? |
|
Definition
| rebound hypertension may result or MI |
|
|
Term
| How do centrally acting alpha 2 agonists work? Methyldopa |
|
Definition
decrease sympathetic response from the brainstem to the peripheral vessels
stimulate alpha2 receptors+ decrease sympathetic activity, increases vagus activity (slows things down)= decrease cardiac output, decreases serum epinephrine, norepinephrin ,and renin release= reduce peripheral vascular resistance, increase vasodilation. Minimal affect on kidney blood flow. |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of centrally acting alpha 2 agonists? |
|
Definition
| sodium and water retention, dry mouth, bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| Who should not use centrally acting alpha 2 agonsts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are diuretics prescribed with centrally acting alpha 2 agonists? |
|
Definition
| prescribed to avoid fluid retention |
|
|
Term
| Why are beta blockers not given with centrally acting alpha 2 agonists? |
|
Definition
| accentuates bradycardia and rebound HTN when d/c. |
|
|
Term
| How do alpha adrenergic blockers work? |
|
Definition
| Blocks the alpha-adrenergic receptors, resulting in vasodilation and decreased blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Are alpha blockers selective or nonselective? |
|
Definition
Can be selective or non-selective:
Nonselective alpha blockers are for acute hypertension
Selective alpha blockers are for long-term hypertension |
|
|
Term
| Why are alpha blockers useful in patient's with lipid abnormalities? |
|
Definition
| decreases LDL increases HDL |
|
|
Term
| What are some alpha blockers? |
|
Definition
Doxazosin mesylate (Cardura)
Prazosin HCl (minipress)
Terazosin HCL (hytrin) |
|
|
Term
| Why are diuretics prescribed with alpha blockers? |
|
Definition
| Causes sodium and water retention with edema; diuretics may be given. |
|
|
Term
| Direct acting arteriole vasodilators? |
|
Definition
| POTENT anti-hypertensive. |
|
|
Term
| When are nitropuside and diazoxide used? (D.A. arteriolar vasodilator) |
|
Definition
| Acute hypertensive emergencies |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of direct acting arteriolar vasodilators? |
|
Definition
Reflex tachycardia
Palpitations
Restlessness
agitation
confusion
hyperglycemia (diazoxide) |
|
|
Term
| How do ACE inhibitors work? |
|
Definition
| inhibits angiotensin –converting enzyme (ACE). ACE causes vasoconstriction which in turn , blocks release of aldosterone, (aldosterone promotes Na retention and K excretion. |
|
|
Term
| What are some ACE inhibitors? |
|
Definition
BenazePRIL HCl (lotensin)
EnalaPRIL Maleate (Vasotec) |
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 s/e of ACE inhibitors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when aldosterone is blocked? |
|
Definition
| Na and water are excreted and K retained |
|
|
Term
| ACE inhibitors _________ peripheral resistance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clients use this drug? What can it be co-prescribed with? |
|
Definition
Elevated renin levels.
Calcium Channel Blockers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks Angiotension II from the receptors in tissues causing vasodilation
prevent the release of aldosteron ( sodium-retaining hormone). They act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. |
|
|
Term
| Do ARBs cause an irritating cough like ACE inhibitors/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Losartan (Cozaar)
Valsartan (Diovan)
Irbesartan (Avapro) |
|
|
Term
| What are some side effects of CCB? |
|
Definition
| May cause edema r/t vasodilator effect, persons with edema may take another anti-HTN med. |
|
|
Term
| Why can't BB and CCB be used together? |
|
Definition
| both drugs decrease myocardium contractility. |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of CCB? |
|
Definition
Verapamil (Calan)
Nefedipine (Procardia)
Amlodipine (Norvasc) |
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Term
| Why can;t you drink grape fruit juice w/ ccb? |
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Definition
| Intensify their effect on the body |
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Term
CB’s blood pressure (BP) is 142/82. The health care
provider prescribed a diuretic to lower his BP. CB
asks, “Why the diuretic?” Your answer could be: |
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Definition
| Your systolic blood pressure indicates you have stage 1 hypertension.” |
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Term
| CB’s diuretic was changed to an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). An example of an |
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Definition
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Term
| A common side effect of an ARB is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which anti-hypertensive drug is more effective for AA individuals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are african americans more susceptible to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do beta-blockers not work on african americans? |
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Definition
| They require high renin levels |
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Term
| Why do ace inhibitors not work on african americans? |
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Definition
| The renin-angiotensin is NOT the problem. |
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Term
| What do work well in african americans? |
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Definition
| Diuretics, calcium blockers, alpha 1 blockers, and diuretic combination drugs work well in AA |
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