Nutrients

-Come from injesting food

-Have the raw materials needed for cell metabolism

-The nutrients include: CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS AND FATS

Carbohydrates

-the body's most important source of energy

- are nutrients made up of sugar molecules or many sugar molecules

-contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

-the human body relies on plants for carbs

Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)

-A sugar made up of a single sugar molecule

Examples of Monosaccharides

-Glucose

-Galactose

-Fructose

(use mnemonic "Go Get Food")

-Sugars made up of two molecules

-Maltose

-Lactose

-Sucrose

(use mnemonic "My Lunch Stinks")

-Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharide units by a process called dehydration synthesis

Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates)

-A molecule made up of sugar molecules

What are Examples of Polysaccharides?

-Starch: a large carbohydrate molecule used by plants to store energy. Some starches contain between 2000 and 6000 glucose molecules

-Cellulose: the carb that forms the cell wall of plant cells. This cannot be digested by humans (used as fibre)

-Glycogen: the form of carb storage in animals. This is stored in the liver and muscles. As the concentration of glucose in blood begins to drop, glycogen is converted back to individual glucose units.

1. Fats, oils and waxes
2. Phosholipids
3. Steroids

-An excellent storage compound

-One gram of lipid contains aproximately twice as much energy as one gram of energy and protein

-Soluble in water, unlike carbs

-Most common Fatty Acid

-Composed of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty which are bonded together through a condensation reaction

-Single bonds between carbon atoms of the Fatty Acid (has the maximum number of H atoms)

How Would You Draw a Saturated and Unsaturated Fat Molecule? (picture on back)

Why are Plant Fats Easier to Break Down?

-Insoluble in water

-Examples: testosterone, cholesterol and estrogen

-Are the structural and functional components of a cell

-Made up of 20 amino acids; the number and sequence are determined by DNA

-There are 2 nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

-DNA provides the instructions for building proteins

-DNA is composed of sugar, phosphate and nitrogeneous bases

Nitrogeneous Bases

-Nitrogeneous bases pair up:

ADENINE + THYMINE (AT)

GUANINE + CYTOSINE  (GC)

-There are 3 types of RNA that use the base Uracil instead of Thymine

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) which transports the code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) which is responsible for bringing specific amino acids to the developing protein
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) makes up ribosomes

-The original source of energy for all living things

-In order to be useful, it must be changed into chemical energy

-This conservation process is called photosynthesis

-Animals obtain their energy by the oxidation of foods

-Plants obtain their food by trapping sunlight using chlorophyl

-The energy can be used, if it is first transformed into a form the organism can use more easily (the molecule ATP)

-It is composed of sugar, nitrogen base (adenine) and 3 phosphates

-The process of using energy in light to build carbohydrates

-It is divided into 2 different reactions:

1. Light Dependent Reactions
2. Light Independent Reactions

Chemical/Word Equation of Photosynthesis

carbon dioxide+water---> sugar+oxygen+water

6CO₂+12H₂O---> C₆+H₁₂+O₆+6O₂+6H₂O

-Occur in the thylakoids

-Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sun

-This energy breaks apart the water molecule leaving an H+ molecule and O₂

-An electron is lost from the breaking of H₂O and is used to form two separate energy storage molecules (ATP and NADPH)

-This involves the 'fixing' of carbon dioxide and the synthesis of carbohydrates

-It uses the ATP and reduced NADP produced in the light-dependent reaction

-The fixing of carbon dioxide refers the conversion of inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds

-It takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts

-There are two different processes by which substances move in and out through the cell membrane

-There are 3 types of passive transport:

1.       Diffusion

2.       Osmosis

3.       Facilitated Diffusion