Term
| Define a sub-clinical case of mastitis |
|
Definition
| BMCC is greater than 250,000, but no clinical signs of infection can be seen grossly |
|
|
Term
| What cow side test can be used to detect mastitis by adding a detergent to fresh milk and looking for and grading agglutination of the milk |
|
Definition
| Define California Masitis Test (CMT) |
|
|
Term
| If a positive CMT is found does it make the case clinical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protocol for identifying Subclinical cases |
|
Definition
1)BMCC to find animals with elevated cell counts
2)CMT to identify affected quarters
3) Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing |
|
|
Term
| Issues related with infection with Staph Aureus? |
|
Definition
| Name an organism for which treatment prognosis is poor in chronic cases (30-40%)but better for cases with a duration of less than 2 weeks (80%) |
|
|
Term
| What is the criteria for treatment of Staph aureus? |
|
Definition
| For which organism is this a critera for treatment?
Single quarter infection
<3 lactaions
|
|
|
Term
| What action should be taken is the animal does not meet treatment criteria? |
|
Definition
| When is culling a viable option for treatment? |
|
|
Term
| Describe the presentation of a clinical case of mastitis |
|
Definition
Is this case clinical or subclincal?
-Cow is visibly ill
-Visible changes in udder or milk |
|
|
Term
| What steps should be taken in the identification of clinical mastitis? |
|
Definition
Identification of affected quarter but visiual inspection of the udder and milk
Sampling of milk for culture and sensitivity testing |
|
|
Term
| List some penicillins used in the treatment of mastitis |
|
Definition
Which class of drug do the following belong to?
Cloxacillin
Ampicollin
Clox/ampicillin combined
Amoxy Clavulate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bactericidal or Bacterial-static?
Causes death of the microrganism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bactericidal or static?
Prevents organism from growing and replicating |
|
|
Term
| Are penicillins bactericidal or static? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What class of drug do the follwoing belong to?
Cefauroxime
Cefalonium |
|
Definition
| Name some Cephlosporin drugs used in the treatment of mastitis |
|
|
Term
Which of the penicillins listed is NOT a broad spectrum drug?
Cloxacillin
Ampicillin
Amoxyclav |
|
Definition
| Is cloxacillin a broad or narrow spectrum antibiotic? |
|
|
Term
Which of the following does not have a meat withold of 30 days, but instead has one of 7 days?
Cloxacillin
Ampicillin
Amoxyclav |
|
Definition
| What is the meat with hold of amoxyclav? |
|
|
Term
| How does Amoxicillin Clavulate kill Beta-lactamase resistant bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Clav inactivates the B-lactamase and causes the bacteria to become sensitive to the amoxyclav |
|
|
Term
| Are the cephlosporins bactericidal or static? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cephlosporin should not be used within 45 days of calving? |
|
Definition
| Name an important consideration when considering treatment with cefalonium |
|
|
Term
Trimethoprimsulphoamide
Class of durg and spectrum
Bactericidal/static
Targets
Milk WHP |
|
Definition
Class of durg and spectrum: Sulphonamide, Broad specturm
Bactericidal/static: Static
Targets: Gram pos and neg
Milk WHP: 3 days |
|
|
Term
Tylosin
Class of durg and spectrum
Bactericidal/static
Targets
Milk WHP |
|
Definition
Class of durg and spectrum: Macrolides, narrow spectrum
Bactericidal/static: static
Targets: Mainly Gram pos strep and staph
Milk WHP: 21 days |
|
|
Term
Erythrom
Class of durg and spectrum
Bactericidal/static
Targets
Milk WHP |
|
Definition
Class of durg and spectrum Macrolides, narrow spectrum
Bactericidal/static:Static
Targets: Gram pos, good action against B-lactmase staph
Milk WHP: 14 days |
|
|
Term
Oxytetracycline
Class of durg and spectrum
Bactericidal/static
Targets
Milk WHPClass of durg and spectrum
Bactericidal/static
Targets
Milk WHP |
|
Definition
Class of durg and spectrum: Tetracycline, broad spectrum
Bactericidal/static: Static
Targets: Gram pos and neg, limited activity against B-lactamase staph
Milk WHP: 7 days |
|
|
Term
| What treatments are indicated in the treatment of porcine mastitis? |
|
Definition
| Oxytet and trimethroprim sulpha |
|
|
Term
| What are the causative agents of coliform masitis? |
|
Definition
| E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the causative agents of which type of porcine mastitis |
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical signs associated with porcine coliform mastitis? |
|
Definition
What disease are the following indicative of in pigs?
-Marked discolouration of the skin over the udder is evident, cyanosis of skin surrounding the udder, ears and tail are characteristic features
-Causes loss of milk, pyrexia and reduced piglet growth in early life, sow may develop toxaemia in severe peracute cases
-inappetance at farrowing
-hyperaemic, painful and swollen affected glands
-eye mucous membranes are brick red |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with acute staph or strep mastitis in pigs? |
|
Definition
Which disease are the following indicative of?
-inappetance at farrowing
-pyrexia with hyperaemic, painful, swollen affected glands
-eye mucous membranes are brick red
-cyanosis of the skin of the extremities |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with chronic staph or strep mastitis in pigs? |
|
Definition
Which disease are the following indicative of?
-mammary tissue infiltrated with hard lumps that are not painful on palpation
-presence of ulceration on the surface of the glands (potential source of infection to other sows) |
|
|
Term
Penethamate hydriodide
Class of durg and spectrum
Bactericidal/static
Targets
Milk WHP
|
|
Definition
| Class of durg and spectrum: Penicillin, Narrow spectrum Bactericidal/static: Cidal Targets Gram pos aerobes and obligate anaerobes Milk WHP: 36hrs for a single use, 72hrs with multiple uses |
|
|
Term
Neomycin
Class of durg and spectrum
Bactericidal/static
Targets
Milk WHPClass of durg and spectrum
Bactericidal/static
Targets
Milk WHP |
|
Definition
Class of durg and spectrum: Aminoglycoside, narrow
Bactericidal/static: Cidal
Targets: Gram neg aerobes
Milk WHP: 36hrs single use, 72hrs multiple uses |
|
|
Term
| Is mastitis in the mare a common problem? |
|
Definition
| In which species is mastitis rare? |
|
|
Term
| What are the main pathogens associated with mastitis in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
What disease are the following pathogens associated with:
•Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (Goats)
•Escherichia coli
•Mannheimia haemolytica
•Mycoplasma
•Pseudomonas aeruginosa
•Staphlococcus
o Aureus (of much larger concern in sheep than goats)
o Coagulase-negative staphylococci
o S. caprae being the most common pathogen in goats
•Streptococci
o Agalactia – fairly low prevalence |
|
|
Term
| Which animal has a similar SCC reference similar to cows ('normal' is less than 250,000 cells/ml) |
|
Definition
| What is the SCC reference range for sheep? |
|
|
Term
| What is the reference range for SCC in goats? |
|
Definition
| 270-2000 x10^3 cell/ml is the SCC reference range for which species? |
|
|
Term
| In which species is it important to use a DNA stain for SCC to allow for the differentiation between cells and cytoplasmic granules? |
|
Definition
| In goats the numbers of cytoplasmic granules are much higher (150,000/ml as opposed to 10,000/ml in sheep, what is the implication of this? |
|
|
Term
| At what prevalence is it recommended that a masitits herd investigation is conducted? |
|
Definition
| What action should be taken when the prevalence in a herd reaches 5 cases/100? |
|
|
Term
| Which type of mastitis is commonly associated with peracute cases? |
|
Definition
| Coliform masitis (E.coli etc.) is associated with which presentation of mastitis? |
|
|
Term
| What clinical sign indicates the need for an acid-base and electrolyte panel? |
|
Definition
| What tests should be run if the patient shows profound weakness? |
|
|
Term
| Which organism is always a herd problem? |
|
Definition
| Is Strep Ag usually an individual problem or a herd problem? |
|
|
Term
| What is the SCC cut-off for most milk factories? |
|
Definition
| What happens at 450,000 cells/ml? |
|
|
Term
| How does lameness relate to mastitis |
|
Definition
| Name a complication of lameness in cattle causing cattle to spend more time lying down? |
|
|
Term
| What management practices are related to an increase in SCC |
|
Definition
What sort of practices are the following?
Improper cleaning of the udders and teats, incorrect iodine coverage of teat post milking, not supplying enough feed or space at the feed bunks, allowing the cattle to lie in mud pre or post milking. |
|
|
Term
| What is 'cow-associated' mastitis? |
|
Definition
| What type of mastitis is caused by a pathogen that primarily lives in or on the cow and is spread between cows? |
|
|
Term
| What is 'environmental' mastitis? |
|
Definition
| What type of mastitis primarily lives in the environment and is not usually spread between animals, but rather picked up from other areas of the farm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which mastitis treatment is given intra-mammary at last milking and has a long with-hold? |
|
|
Term
| Name a therapy which is often highly effective at treating sub-clinical mastitis. |
|
Definition
| Is dry cow therapy effective for treating sub-clinical mastitis? |
|
|
Term
| Name some Cow-associated pathogens |
|
Definition
Are the following cow-associated or enviromental?
Strep ag
Staph aureus
Mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
| Name some environmental pathogens |
|
Definition
Are the following environmental or cow associated?
Strep uberis
Strep dysgalactia
Coliforms (E. coli, Kelbsiella, Enterobacter, Itrobacter) |
|
|
Term
| Are cow associated and environmental strict categories? |
|
Definition
| No, they exist on a continuum. |
|
|
Term
| Which pathogen can spread to the mammary gland systemically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of mastitis cases are defined as clinical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are subclinical cases of mastitis identified? |
|
Definition
| SCC, CMT, Electrical conductivity |
|
|
Term
| Which pathogen is the most common cause of mastitis in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathogen is associated with finding yellow flakes in the milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathogens are known to be difficult to cure? |
|
Definition
| Staph aureus, Strep ag and Strep dysgalactica |
|
|
Term
| Which mastitis pathogen has a high rate of self curing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathogens have a high cure rate following cry cow therapy? |
|
Definition
| Strep ag and strep dsygalactia and strep uberis |
|
|
Term
| Should critically or systemically ill animals be treated locally or systemically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathogen should always be treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which end of lactation is treatment most economically viable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antimicrobial is prohibited for use in food producing animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are antibacterials an effective treatment for coliform mastitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
