Term
| The Development Of B Lymphocytes (6 stages): |
|
Definition
1st stage = maturation in the bone marrow (primary lymphoid tissue) - Acquires functional B-cell receptors -Ig gene rearrangements
2nd stage = testing of Ig (B-cell receptor) to normal constituents of the body (self-reactive) -Potential for auto reactivity and autoimmune disease
3rd stage = a small fraction of immature B-cells become mature cells in secondary lymphoid tissues
4th stage = recirculation of mature B-cells between the blood, lymph and secondary lymphoid tissues.
5th stage = antigen contact --> B cell progeny (clonal expansion)
6th stage = differentiate into plasma cells and long-lived memory B cells |
|
|
Term
| B Cells Develop In Bone Marrow And Then Migrate To Secondary Lymphoid Tissues |
|
Definition
| Immature, naïve B cells leave the bone marrow --> blood --> lymph nodes, the spleen, Peyer's patches and other secondary lymphoid tissues such as those lining the respiratory tract and finish their maturation into Mature, Naïve B-cells |
|
|
Term
| Stages of B-cell development in the bone marrow |
|
Definition
-Marked by successive steps in the rearrangement and expression of Ig genes
-Gene rearrangement (somatic recombination) is controlled at each step to produce a mature , naïve B cell
Expressing immunoglobulin of a single antigen specificity |
|
|
Term
| B-cell Development In The Bone Marrow Proceeds Through Several Stages |
|
Definition
-Stem cell - Ig genes are in the germline configuration
-1st rearrangements are the Ig heavy chain genes (Join D to J (defines the early pro-B cell))
-Early pro-B cell --> late pro-B cell (Join V to DJ)
-Late pro-B --> large pre-B cell (Expression of a functional mu chain at the cell surface as part of the pre-B receptor)
-Large pre-B cells proliferate, producing small pre-B cells |
|
|
Term
| B-cell Development In The Bone Marrow Proceeds Through Several Stages continued... |
|
Definition
-Large pre-B --> small pre-B cells (Associated with the rearrangement of the Ig light chain)
-Successful light chain gene rearrangement and expression of IgM on the cell surface --> defines the immature B cell
-Immature B cell --> mature B cell
-Mature B cell = use of alternative splicing of heavy-chain mRNA to place IgD on the cell surface with IgM |
|
|
Term
| During Large pre-B cell...once functional arrangement of heavy chain gene: |
|
Definition
| Shuts of RAG 1 and 2, starts proliferation (5-6 cell divisions), the goes to small pre-B cell |
|
|
Term
| During small pre-B cell...RAG 1 and 2 turn back on and once functional arrangement of light chain gene: |
|
Definition
| RAG 1 and 2 shut back off and IgM i now exressed on surface with IgD to prduce mature B cell |
|
|
Term
| Large pre-B-cells are distinguished by |
|
Definition
| a protein complex = pre-B-cell receptor |
|
|
Term
| pre-B-cell receptor consists of: |
|
Definition
1. mu heavy chain
2. “Surrogate” light chains (Made only in pre-B cells)
3. Igalpha and Igbeta polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| The pre-B-cell Receptor Resembles The B-cell Receptor Except For The Surrogate Light Chain |
|
Definition
Note: although some pre-B-cell receptor molecules are on the cell surface, most are retained in the ER
-B-cell receptor molecules lead to:
*Intracellular signals that halt rearrangement at Ig heavy-chain locus
*Synthesis of surrogate light chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Large pre-B cells --> proliferates -->producing many small pre-B cells
-Small pre-B-cells: No longer have pre-B-cell receptor, Ig mu heavy chains are restricted to the cytoplasm, and Rearrangement of the Ig light-chain loci begins. |
|
|
Term
| Ig light-chains assemble with |
|
Definition
mu chains -->IgM --> transported to cell surface as a “functional” B-cell receptor complex
-B-cell is expressing IgM only = immature B cell |
|
|
Term
| Bone marrow stromal cells provide specialize environment for B cells at various stages of maturation |
|
Definition
1.Make specific cell-surface contacts with B cells
-Stem cells and early pro-B cells use the integrin VLA-4 to bind to the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 on stromal cells
2. Produce growth factors that act on bound B cells
-Interactions between other cell adhesion molecules (cams) promote the binding of the receptor Kit on the B cell to stem-cell factor (SCF) on the stromal cell
-Activation of Kit causes the B cell to proliferate
-B cells at later stage of maturation require interleukin-7 (IL-7) to stimulate their growth and proliferation |
|
|
Term
| The Survival Of A Developing B Cell Depends On The Productive Rearrangement Of A Heavy- & A Light-chain Gene |
|
Definition
| Imprecision in gene rearrangement (including random addition of N and P nucleotides at gene segment joints) can result in a sequence with a reading frame that cannot be translated into an Ig chain (has a stop codon)Can be productive and unproductive rearrangments |
|
|
Term
| Unproductive rearrangements |
|
Definition
| gene rearrangement that cannot be translated into a protein |
|
|
Term
| Productive rearrangements |
|
Definition
| gene rearrangement that preserve a correct reading frame and can be translated into a complete and functional Ig chain |
|
|
Term
| Every B Cell Has Two Copies Of Each Ig Loci (Heavy-chain Locus, The kappa Light-chain Locus And The lambda Light-chain Locus) |
|
Definition
| The two copies are on homologous chromosomes; one inherited from mother and one from father |
|
|
Term
| Gene rearrangements can be made on both homologous chromosomes |
|
Definition
-Unproductive rearrangement on one chromosome leads to rearrangement at the locus on the other chromosome
-Productive rearrangements --> proceed to the next stage of development
(If all rearrangements are unproductive -->B cell does not produce Ig and dies in the bone marrow) |
|
|
Term
| If one allele rearranges non-productively |
|
Definition
| then the B cell rearranges the other allele. (If this also fails and no rearranged heavy or light chain results the cell will die) |
|
|
Term
| L-chain loci organization allows further rearrangement after an unproductive rearrangement |
|
Definition
-After an unproductive rearrangement of Vkappa to a Jkappa, a second rearrangement can be made by Vkappa2 or any other Vkappa that is on the 5’ side of the first joint, with a Jkappa that is on the 3’ side of the first joint
-When the second joint is made, the intervening DNA containing the first joint will be excised
-There are 5 Jkappa gene segments and many more Vkappa gene segments five successive attempts at productive rearrangement of the kappa L-chain gene on a single chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms ensure that B cell can make only one type of heavy chain and one type of light-chain |
|
Definition
-Successful gene rearrangement is signaled by the appearance of the protein product of the gene at the cell surface
-A signal is sent back to the cell interior to shut down the processes of DNA recombination and repair needed for gene arrangement
-RAG genes are turned off and no further rearrangement is possible
-Once heavy-chain gene is successfully rearranged also further rearrangement of heavy-chain genes is shut down
(Same process happens with light-chain) |
|
|
Term
| In pro-B cells, mu heavy chains assemble into dimers in the ER |
|
Definition
| In the absence of light chains, heavy-chains assembled into a complex with the lambda5 and the VpreB polypeptides to form a surrogate L-chain and with Igalpha and Igbeta |
|
|
Term
| Each surrogate L-chain is formed from two proteins coded by genes away from the Ig loci: |
|
Definition
-lambda5 substitutes for a L-chain constant region and
-VpreB substitutes for a V region |
|
|
Term
| Signaling Via The Protein Product Is Used To Terminate Ig-gene Rearrangement |
|
Definition
| The pre-B cell receptor (Pre-BCR) is on the surface for a short time and represents a checkpoint for B cell development (After checkpoint, pre-BCR is no longer made, mu heavy chain, Igalpha and Igbeta continue to be made in ER) |
|
|
Term
| Checkpoints for B cell development |
|
Definition
-Pre-BCR interacts unknown ligand to confirm that a functional heavy chain has been made and stop rearranging heavy chain.
-Pre-BCR is a positive signal that prevents apoptosis and allows B cell to start dividing. |
|
|
Term
| Proliferation of the large pre-B cell yields small pre-B cells that commence Ig light-chain rearrangement |
|
Definition
-RAG genes (turned off in dividing pre-B cells) is turned on and light chain rearrangement begins
-On completion of a productive light chain gene rearrangement a light chain protein is made and assembles with mu heavy chain to form IgM
IgM (BCR) associates with Igalpha and Igbeta and is transported to the cell surface leading to second checkpoint |
|
|
Term
| Second checkpoint of B cell development: |
|
Definition
| Presence of the BCR with Igalpha and Igbeta tells the cell to halt further light-chain gene rearrangements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lambda5 and VpreB proteins show during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rag 1 and 2 proteins show during |
|
Definition
| early pre-B to Large pre-B, shut off after functional heavy chain, turned back on during small pre-B and shut off again after functional light chain made |
|
|
Term
| Ig alpha and Ig beta proteins show during |
|
Definition
| at least during pre-B stage (starts in early Pro-B) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes that cause cancer when their function or expression is disturbed (Viral genes responsible for transformation = oncogenes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joining an Ig gene to a gene (involved in the control of cellular growth on a different chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MYC is normally involved in regulating cell division. Abnormal expression as a result of translocation causes increased growth
Another translocation frequently found is the fusion of an Ig gene to the proto-oncogene BCL-2
Know MYC and BCL-2!!! |
|
|
Term
| Not all B cells conform to the developmental pathway (Subset of human B cells) |
|
Definition
-Arise early in embryonic development
-Expresses CD5
--Cell surface glycoprotein marker for the human T-cell lineage |
|
|
Term
| Minority subset of B cells (b-1-cells) precedes that of the majority subset (b-2-cells) |
|
Definition
B-1-cells:
-Little or no IgD on surface
-Distinctive repertoire of Ag receptors
-Know as CD5 B cells (CD5 is not essential for their function)
-Dominant B cells in pleural and peritoneal cavities
-5% of B cells in humans
-Arises from a stem cell most active in prenatal period |
|
|
Term
| Ig H-chain Gene Rearrangements Use The VH Gene Segments Closest To The D Gene Segments |
|
Definition
-TdT is not expressed in early prenatal period, therefore H-chain gene of B-1 cells lack N nucleotides and their VDJ junctions are less diverse
-Ab secreted by B-1 cells to be low affinity, but each binds to many different antigens (polyspecificity)
(Abs made against bacterial polysaccharides & carbohydrate Ags but little against protein Ags)
-Postnatal B-1 cells use more diverse repertoire of V gene segments, and have abundant N nucleotides
*With time, B-1 cells no longer produced by the bone marrow
*Adult population of B-1 cells is maintained by the division of existing B-1 cells at site in peripheral circulation
**Self-renewal dependent on the cytokine IL-10 |
|
|
Term
| B-1 cells develop in the omentum and in the liver in the fetus, produced by: |
|
Definition
the bone marrow for only a short period around birth
(Pool of self-renewing B-1 cells established that do not require bone marrow for survival)
-The limited diversity and low affinity of the antibodies made by B-1 cells suggest these are components of a simpler, less adaptive immune response |
|
|
Term
| Self-reactive Immature B Cells Are Altered, Eliminated, Or Inactivated By Contact With Self-antigens |
|
Definition
-A B cell first expresses IgM on its surface as an immature B cell
-Mature B cell involves emigration form the bone marrow and the use of alternative splicing of H-chain mRNA to place IgD with IgM on the cell surface
-Quality control mechanisms prevent the maturation of B cells whose receptors bind normal components of the human body --called self-antigens (protein, carbohydrates, lipids found on the surface of human cells) |
|
|
Term
| Binding To self-Ag In The Bone Marrow Can Lead To The Deletion Or Inactivation Of Immature B Cells |
|
Definition
| Immature B cells that do not encounter a self-antigen leave the bone marrow and enter the peripheral circulation expressing both IgM and IgD on their surface |
|
|
Term
| When immature B cells express receptors that recognize common cell-surface components (multivalent self-antigens) of human cells: |
|
Definition
-They are deleted from the repertoire by the induction of apoptosis
-Immature B cells that bind soluble self-antigens (monovalent self-antigens) are rendered unresponsive or anergic to the antigen
(As a consequence express low levels of IgM at the cell surface and can enter the peripheral circulation where they express IgD but remain anergic) |
|
|
Term
-They are deleted from the repertoire by the induction of apoptosis
-Immature B cells that bind soluble self-antigens (monovalent self-antigens) are rendered unresponsive or anergic to the antigen
(As a consequence express low levels of IgM at the cell surface and can enter the peripheral circulation where they express IgD but remain anergic) |
|
Definition
-The amount of IgM on the surface is reduced and the RAG genes are not turned off
-Continued synthesis of RAG proteins allow the cell to continue L-chain gene rearrangement
-Usually leads to a new productive rearrangement and expression of a new L-chain which combines with the previous H-chain to form a new receptor (receptor editing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-If this new receptor is not self-reactive the cell is “rescued’ and continues normal development much like a cell that had never reacted with self
-If the cell remains self-reactive, it may be rescued by another cycle of rearrangement but if it continues to react strongly with self it will undergo apoptosis and be deleted from the repertoire |
|
|
Term
| Develoing B cells strongly interact with self-antigen and contined synthesis of RAG protein allows: |
|
Definition
| light chain rearrangement |
|
|
Term
| Architecture of the Lymph Node |
|
Definition
-In LN, there are discrete sites for B cells and T cells.
-Effector B cells; plasma cells -secrete antibodies.
-Expansion occurs in lymphoid follicles.
-As lymphocyte development proceeds, follicle shape changes - germinal center. |
|
|
Term
| The Circulation Route Of B Cells Through A Lymph Node |
|
Definition
-From the bone marrow, an immature B cell will migrate via the blood to the secondary lymphoid organs, directed by cytokines
-B cells enter the cortex of the lymph node through the wall of specialized high endothelial venules (HEV), also directed by cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Final Maturation of B-cells |
|
Definition
-B-cells interact with Follicular dendritic cells to receive their final signal to fully mature and survive.
-Now called naïve B-cells (mature)
-Immature B-cells that fail to enter the follicle will die. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary lymphoid tissue are the sites where mature, naïve B cells encounter specific antigen |
|
Definition
-Antigen-specific B cells stay in the T-cell areas, and are activated by Ag-specific, CD4 helper T cells
*T cells provide signals that activate the B cells to proliferate and differentiate
*In lymph nodes and spleen some of the activated B cells immediately proliferate and differentiate into plasma B cells and secrete antibody (lower affinity)
*Other activated B cells migrate to a primary follicle that matures into a secondary follicle containing a germinal center |
|
|
Term
| Cells that survive the selection process after affinity maturation undergo further proliferation and migrate from the germinal center to other sites in the secondary lymphoid tissues or bone marrow |
|
Definition
-Selected B cells differentiate into plasma cells secreting high affinity, isotype-switched antibody
-As immune response subsides, germinal center B cells develop into memory B cells capable of making high affinity antibody when re-exposed to the same antigen (basis of secondary immune response) |
|
|
Term
| B-cell population = continually changing and heterogeneous population (Different states of development and differentiation) |
|
Definition
-Immature B cells produced -->bone marrow have Igs specific for the entire range of molecules found in biological systems
-B cells with receptors that bind to self-antigen present in the bone marrow
(Eliminated by clonal deletion or inactivated) |
|
|
Term
| Passage through lymphoid follicles is essential for sustaining mature, naïve B cells in the peripheral circulation |
|
Definition
-No follicle visit --> die
-Follicle visit --> unless stimulated by specific-Ag --> die
-Proliferation, differentiate -->memory B cells |
|
|
Term
| Stages in B-cell development |
|
Definition
-Stem cell in bone marrow ->mature, naïve B cell
*Location of B cells at different stages
*State of the Ig H- and L-chain genes
*Form of Ig expressed at each stage |
|
|
Term
| Stages in B-cell development from the activated mature B cell --> terminally differentiated plasma cell |
|
Definition
| Plasma cells can differentiate directly from activated B cells, from isotype switched, somatically hypermutated centrocytes or from memory B cells |
|
|
