Term
| Land Use in New York (Commercial Land Use) |
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Definition
Lower Mantattan - centre for finance and banking. Containing Wall Street and the Stock Exchange
Midtown Manhattan - main shops, theatres, hotels and landmark buildings (Rockefeller Centre, Empire State Building) |
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Term
| Land Use in New York (Industrial Land Use |
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Definition
Warehouses and factories occupy 4% of the city.
Found in the South Bronx, along either side of Newtown Creek |
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Term
| Problems associated with urbanization |
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Definition
- Congestion in the CBD (Central business district)
- High land prices in the centre
- Overcrowding
- Housing shortages (pop. increases→ lack of house, land price increases, shanti houses increase)
- traffic congestion (↑automobile - pollution/congestion)
- Racial Conflict
- deprivation
- pollution |
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Term
| Urban Problems in New York |
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Definition
- total population has fallen by over 10% in the last 10 years
- The white pop. has fallen from 87& to 65% since 1950.
- middle-class pop. has fallen by 2 million in the past 20 years |
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Term
| New York's problem occur from |
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Definition
- changes in the composition of the labour force
- high living standards
- the social strains set up by the continuing existence of an under graduated, unskilled, unpaid minority
- the massive outward movement of the middle class.
- the counter movement of lower income families into the inner city. |
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Term
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Definition
- House Shortage (the trend toward nuclear families rather than the extended family have created major housing shortage)
- Traffic congestion (improvements to the motorway network, the increase in the population leads to the problem)
- Pollution (As Seoul has grown, the amount of air and water pollution has increased *ex.cheng gye cheon* |
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Term
| Urban Problems in Rio De Janerio and their causes |
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Definition
- huge gap between rich and poor
- has many slums or comunidade
- the natural increase in population is much higher |
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Term
| 4 main types of slums in Rio |
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Definition
- squatter settlements
- illegal subdivisions of land
- invasions
- corticos (old decaying house that has been rented out without any legal basis)
- Recently there has been decentralization of activities from the CBD |
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Term
| Sustainable development in Curitiba |
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Definition
- excellent model for sustainable urban development
- public transport is preferred over private cars
- the environment is used rather than changed
- development occurs through the participation of citizens rather than top-down development. |
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Term
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Definition
- road network and public transport system have structural axes
- Five main axes of the 3 parallel roadways
+ Express routes
+ Direct routes
+ Local roads
- mass transport system is based on the bus |
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Term
| Rio De Janeiro development for housing |
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Definition
The authorities were unable to offer enough alternative housing.
The Favela Bairro project addressed the built environment, aiming to provide
+ paved roads
+ water supply pipes and drainage systems
+ relocation for families who were living in high-risk areas
+ channelled rivers to stop them changing course |
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Term
| The second phase of the Favela Bairro Project |
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Definition
- generating employment, like by creating co-operatives of dressmakers, cleaners and helping them to get established in the labour market
-giving residents access to credit so that they can buy construction materials and improve their homes |
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Term
| Rio De Janeiro development for education |
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Definition
| School friends initiative encourages people from the community to volunteer their skills to improve opportunities offered by their schools |
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Term
| Rio De Janeiro development for Transport |
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Definition
| bus services cover all areas of the city. A metro system has been built and is expanding currently. The Linha Vermelha and the Linha Amarela are 2 major roads to try and ease traffic congestion. |
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Term
| Rio De Janeiro development for water pollution |
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Definition
| Improving the sewage systems will also help to revive the Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas - 4km of new sewage pipes are currently being installed around the lake. |
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