Term
| What levels is speech organised at? |
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Definition
1) Phonation
2) Articulation
3) Language production |
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Term
| Describe phonation and a disorder of it. |
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Definition
1) The production of sounds as air passes through vocal cords in the larynx.
2) Dysphonia (lesion of recurrent laryngeal nerve): speech is soft and weak. |
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Term
| Describe articulation and a disorder of it. |
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Definition
The manipulation of sound as it passes through upper airways.
2) Dysarthria (lesions of brainstem or corticobulbar fibres): slurred speech. |
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Term
| Describe language production and a disorder of it. |
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Definition
1) Production of words and sentences
2) Aphasia (dysphasia): disorder of higher language function. |
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Term
| What is the function of Broca's and Wernicke's area? |
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Definition
1) Motor/expressive language area
2) Sensory/receptive language area. |
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Term
| What are the consequences of damage to Broca's and Wernicke's areas? |
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Definition
1) Expressive aphasia: can understand but cannot speak properly
2) Receptive aphasia: can speak (meaningless) but cannot understand:
-Nominal aphasia
-Neologisms. |
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Term
| Which hemisphere are the speech areas in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What links the two speech areas and what is the consequence of damage? |
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Definition
1) The arcuate fasciculus
2) Conduction aphasia- poor repetition. |
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Term
| Describe the pathway for repetition. |
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Definition
Primary auditory cortex- Wernicke's area- Broca's area- Primary motor cortex- Brainstem motor nuclei (via corticobulbar fibres)- Speech muscles
n.b. the corpus callosum sends information to the other side of the brain causing bilateral activation. |
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Term
| What are the functions of areas that correspond to Broca's and Wernicke's in the non-dominant hemisphere? |
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Definition
1) 3d spatial perception
2) Prosody |
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Term
| What are the consequences of damage to areas that correspond to Broca's and Wernicke's in the non-dominant hemisphere? |
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Definition
Aprosodia: voice is monotonous with no emotional content.
Amusia: musical skills and comprehension lost |
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Term
| What are the consequences of a left middle cerebral artery blockage? |
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Definition
It supplies the speech areas:
-Broca's aphasia
-Wernicke's aphasia
-Global aphasia |
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Term
| What is lateral medullary (Wallenberg's) syndrome? |
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Definition
| A post inferior cerebral artery blockage affecting the nucleus ambiguus. It causes dysarthria and dysphagia. |
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Term
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Definition
A: Primary motor cortex
B: Wernicke's area
C: Primary visual cortex
D: Broca's area
E: Primary auditory cortex |
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