verbal interactions intended to enhance clients’ self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behaviour

full-fledged disorders

-use insight and behavioural

  deal with everyday problems

-use insight and behavioural

       physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

    an insight theory that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives and defences through techniques such as free association and transference

       when clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feeling exactly as they occur with as little censorship as possible

      when the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client’s dreams

·       the therapist’s attempts to explain the inner significance of the client’s thoughts, feelings, memories and behaviours

    largely unconscious defensive manoeuvres intended to hinder the progress of therapy

when clients unconsciously start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic relationships in their lives

-the client can transfer conflicting feelings about people onto the therapist

1.    focus on emotional experience

2.    exploration of efforts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings

3.    identification of recurring patterns in patient’s past life experiences

4.    discussion of past experience

5.    analysis of interpersonal relationships

6.    a focus on the therapeutic relationship itself

7.    exploration of dreams and other aspects of fantasy life

·       an insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy (Carl Rogers)

the bond between patient and therapist

3 conditions:

1)Genuineness

2) unconditional positive regard: therapists must always be non-judgemental

3) Empathy

       seeks to enhance clients’ self-acceptance, purpose in life, autonomy and personal growth

used mainly to treat depression, by getting clients to realize their strengths, savour positive experiences and find meaning in their lives

the simultaneous treatment of several people in a group

     the treatment of both partners in a committed, intimate relationship, in which the main focus is on relationship issues

o   not limited to married people

·       the treatment of a family unit as a whole, in which the main focus is on family dynamics and communication

sometimes, psychological disorders clear up on their own

·       the application of learning principles to direct efforts to change clients’ maladaptive behaviours

a behaviour therapy used to reduce phobic clients’ anxiety responses through counterconditioning

-to weaken the association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response

·       clients being confronted with situations that they fear so that they learn that these situations are really harmless

a behaviour therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response 

      behaviour therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modelling, behavioural rehearsal and shaping

-depends on operant conditioning and observational learning

·       client is encouraged to watch socially skilled friends and colleagues in order to acquire the desired skills

client tries to practice social techniques in structured, role-playing exercises, with the therapist providing feedback 

·       clients to gradually handle more complicated and delicate social situations

 use varied combinations of verbal interventions and behaviour modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking

       specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders

·       teaches clients to develop and use verbal statements that help them to cope with difficult contexts

       physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders

procedures used to modify the brain/skull

Drug Therapy/Psychopharmacotherapy

      the treatment of mental disorders with medication

1.    anti-anxiety drugs

2.    anti-psychotic drugs

3.    anti-depressant drugs

4.    mood-stabilizing drugs

Anti-anxiety drug family

o   they are very effective, but only for a short time

o   common to be abused and used illegally

o   very easy to go through difficult withdrawal with these medications

      used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations and delusions

·       neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and tic-like movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands or feet

·       gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of depression

·       most frequently prescribed medication in North America

slow serotonin uptake

 used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders

ex: Lithium

      new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain

thin electrode being implanted into the brain and then being connected to an implanted pulse generator so that various electrical currents can be delivered to brain tissue adjacent to the electrode

-helpful in treating Parkinson’s, tardive dyskinesia and some seizure disorders

the practice of therapy involves drawing ideas from 2 or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just 1 system

·       2 or more systems of therapy are combined or blended to take advantage of the strengths of each

       borrowing ideas, insights and techniques from a variety of sources while tailoring one’s intervention strategy to the unique needs of each client