Term
| What are two hallmarks of experiments? |
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Definition
| Random Assignment and Procedural Control |
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Term
| What is the purpose of random assignment? |
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Definition
| It controls for existing differences among people by making groups “statistically identical”. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of procedural control? |
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Definition
| To hold constant variables other than the independent variable, so that you can be certain the differences result from the independent variable rather than “extraneous” variables. |
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Term
| What are two components of Internal Validity? |
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Definition
Researcher is getting at relationship she thinks she’s getting at.
Relationship between independent variable and the dependent variable are not affected by extraneous variables. |
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Term
| What is External Validity? |
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Definition
| How well conclusions generalize to other people, places, and times. |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of External Validity? |
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Definition
| Mundane Realism and Experimental Realism |
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Term
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Definition
| Similarity between events in experiment to events that might occur in real world |
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Term
| What is Experimental Realism? |
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Definition
| Extent to which P thinks events in experiment are meaningful; takes them seriously (impact). |
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Term
| What is an example of Experimental Realism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Pros of surveys? |
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Definition
Address issues that are difficult to address via experiments
Can be cheap
Based on statistical sampling techniques (Representation of general population) |
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Term
| What are the Cons of surveys? |
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Definition
People may not know why they hold certain attitudes / do certain things.
Dishonest accounts of “true” attitudes (E.g., race)
Attitudes may not predict behavior |
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Term
| What did LaPierre’s study of Discrimination against Chinese Americans show? |
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Definition
| That people can say how they will act towards a specific race, or thing, but could not act that way in real life. |
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Term
| What did Pager's study of Hiring Discrimination show? |
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Definition
| That people may have inherent tendencies. In this study blacks got far less callbacks and interviews than whites, even though they had identical resumes. |
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Term
| What are they Pros of Field Research / Participant Observation? |
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Definition
| Rich source of data and Allows researcher insider’s view |
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Term
| What are they Cons of Field Research / Participant Observation? |
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Definition
| Little control which makes testing causal arguments difficult |
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Term
| What are 3 issues that come into play when discussing research ethics? |
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Definition
(1) Confidentiality
(2) Voluntary participation
(3) Harm & deception |
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Term
| What needs to be taken into account when talking about Confidentiality? |
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Definition
| Does researcher insure participants’ identity will remain confidential in research reports? |
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Term
| What needs to be taken into account when discussing Voluntary Participation? |
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Definition
Are subjects’ voluntarily being observed or is their participation voluntarily?
There is also a problem for participant observation methods – “observer” role often must be kept secret. |
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Term
| What needs to be taken into account when discussing Distress, Harm and Deception? |
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Definition
Harm/Distress - If the study entails distress or harm, can the participant be put in the same (or better) psychological state than the one s/he walked in with?
Deception - most instances not explicitly harmful. But some argued that it is still problematic …. |
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