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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| no ribosomes attached, makes lipids and steroids |
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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| Interconnected membrane-bound, flattened sacs found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes, with ribosomes attached to the outer surface. |
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| The process by which proteins are moved to where they are needed, and/or secreted from the cell. |
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| The visible manifestation of crossing over between homologous chromosomes. The point where the chromatids break and rejoin during the first prophase of meiosis. |
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| The generative nucleus divides to form two haploid male gametes which move down the pollen tube. |
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| The two polar nuclei in the embryo sac fuse with one of the male gametes to form a triploid cell. The triploid cell divides to form the endosperm. |
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| Storage tissue in the seed. |
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| First gap phase between the end of mitosis and the onset of the S phase |
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| The stage of interphase during which the DNA is replicated |
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Definition
| Second gap phase, between the S phase and mitosis |
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Definition
| The first stage of nuclear division during which the chromosomes become thicker and shorter to form chromatids, joined together by a centromere. The Spindle forms and the nuclear membrane breaks down. |
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Definition
| The stage of nuclear division at which the chromosomes line up in one plane. The Centromeres are attached to spindle fibres |
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| The stage of nuclear division where the spindle fibres shorten, pulling chromatids to each pole. The spindle then breaks down. |
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Definition
The final stage of nuclear division where the chromosomes
become diffuse and the nuclear membrane reforms |
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Term
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Definition
| The nucleic acid-protein complex found in eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Definition
| Hollow ball of cells surrounding a central cavity, formed five days after conception. |
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| Complementary DNA made using an RNA template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. |
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| The region of DNA, upstream of the coding part of the gene, that acts as the initial biding site for RNA polymerase |
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| A protein which attaches to RNA polymerase and a promoter region – required for transcription to be initiated. |
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Definition
| Molecules (often proteins) which prevent transcription in a variety of ways, e.g. by binding to the promoter region and blocking transcription. |
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| Can be hormones, growth factors or other regulatory molecules which switch on gene transcription. |
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| Area of undifferentiated plant cells where cell division will form specialized plant organs. |
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| A tumour suppressor gene which inhibits the CDKs at the G1/S transition and therefore stops the cell cycle. |
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| A gene which normally produces a protein which repairs DNA. Mutated in some cases of breast cancer. |
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Definition
| A second breast cancer gene, found on chromosome 13, which has a DNA repair function. |
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