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| attempt to convey positive info. about ourselves by emphasizing favorable accomplishments and characters |
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| attempt to convey an impression of virtue through an example. Such as opening a door |
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| Modesty/ Self-Deprecation |
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| De-emphasizing ones positive traits |
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| emphasizing weakness or dependence through a humble request for help from someone of authority |
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| sly varient of supplication. Downplay ones ability in order to deceive, as in gambling |
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| Attempt to gain others favor through deceptive effort; playing dumb. Bring oneself into favor of someone through flattering or trying to please them |
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| cite uncontrollable events |
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| admit responsibility for behavior but attempt to define it as appropriate under the circumstance. Punch someone, claim he was a jerk |
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| intended to lesson negative implication of impeding actions. Telling ppl you anticipate to do in future such as underperform due to hurt leg |
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| creating "obvious" handicaps to performance. ex. anticipate bombing sociology exam go out and get wasted |
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| Early biological approach to crime: physical features of prisoners... low foreheads, prominent jaws. "born criminals" |
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| males have greater ability for more offspring. today low status males have more children. contrasts with later dates |
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| unequal distribution of rewards among members of society. Universal but variable |
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| category where members share similar position in stratification structure. Concept of class brought on by marx |
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| Myth of Egalitarian society |
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| where civilization is entirely equal |
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| Caste Systems vs Meritocracies |
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| classes determined by heredity/ responsibilities assigned based on talent or merit |
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| 1 or 2 classes: rich, own means of production |
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| 1 or 2 classes: poor, working class, own only their bodies |
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| inequality is one dimensional. Inequalities in status/prestige/political power stem from inequality in wealth |
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| 1 dimension of wealth: Critical (unnecessary) but optimistic (not inevitable). Thought that capitalism was a transitional stage |
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| 3 Dimensions (power, prestige, property): Critical (unnecessary), but pessimistic (almost inevitable). Didn't believe inequality could be eliminated |
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| Functionalist View of Inequality |
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| Stratification exists because it has beneficial consequences for society. some positions more important, some talent scarcer |
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| Dysfunctions of Inequality |
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| discourages social change (is vs. ought), true meritocracy non-existent, creates hostilities and distrust within social classes |
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| when adult children live with parents. Rising number 12-13% |
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| set of concepts that researchers use to understand changes in invdividual development and family relations by accounting for events and social structure over time |
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| Part of life course: occurances dealing with ceremony/ritual. promotion, birthday, graduation, wedding. Marks change in status within society |
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| sequential chains of transitions within a range of experience. Career or education |
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| individuals chronical age and norms/ transitions associated with age |
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| accounts for influence that group level relations have on individuals. baby boomers, generations xyz |
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| societal changes or evens. great depression, the baby boom |
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| find happiness in maximizing utility (possessions due to wealth) Easterlin Paradox proves it wrong |
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| Although people with increased incomes report to being happier within a given country. Across the nation, rising incomes do not lead to an increase in life satisfaction. |
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| Characteristics of Happiest countries |
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| - capitalist - high wealth - low poverty - low crime - strong social democratic support system |
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| Relative vs Absolute Wealth |
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| relational may matter more than absolute wealth |
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| gap between the way we feel from a future event or outcome and the way we actually feel when it happens. Tend to overestimate intensity or duration/ impact from a stimulus, and its resulting emotional reaction. Ex: after 3 years amputees and lottery winners show no difference in happiness |
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| Inconspicuous Consumption |
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| buy for the own desires of yourself avoiding attention. Not trying to get noticed. happier people. |
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| buy for others to see, noticable and attracting attention. less happy people |
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| How we feel when we don't get what we want, change view of our situation to feel better. As powerful and lasting as real happiness. Ex: people who spend life in prison for crime they didn't committ. Freedom to choose decreases synthetic happiness |
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| Guidelines for getting happier |
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| 1) choose parents wisely 2) buy experiences not things 3) spend on others |
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| exhibiting strategies of reproductive success of relatives. even at cost of own survival. Reproductive potential determined by age. Tendency to help youth |
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| C < rB where C: cost to the helper, r: genetic relatedness of recipient to helper, B: reproductive benefit gained by recipient from help. If C is low and r and B are high better chance. |
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| Trivers-Willard Hypothesis |
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| reproductive success more closely tied to resources for sons then daughters. so poor should invest in daughters and rich in sons |
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| arousal caused by one thing and transferred or added to arousal elicited by second thing. Process not linked to one single emotion. Three conditions: 2nd stimulus occurs before complete decay of 1st stimulus. there is a misattribution of excitation. That is 2nd stimulus individual attributes full excitation to 2nd stimulus, but 1st stimulus played a part. Indiv. hasn't reached excitory threshold before experiencing 2nd stimulus. Ex: in movie veiwer angered by seeing hero wronged by villian (stim. 1), which intensifies viewers pleasure when villain is punished later (stim. 2) |
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| Causes in Rising Divorce Rates |
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Definition
| (1) more socially acceptable (2) easier to get (no fault divorce) |
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| divorce is still possible but not under no-fault "marriage-faded" rule. Grounds for divorce limited. |
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