Term
| What are the 3 fates of glucose during absorptive state? lol |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle (oxidative glycogen), adipocytes (TG), Liver (glycogen & TG by VLDL to the Adipocytes. |
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Term
| What is the fate of TG in the absorptive state? |
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Definition
| TG in chylomicron->lymphatic system-->general circulation turned into FFA then into TG in the adipocytes. |
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Term
| What are the sources of adipocyte TG? |
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Definition
| Glucose, Ingested TG, VLDL from liver. |
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Term
| What enzyme converts TG into FFA |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does a-glycerophasphate come from and what does it form? |
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Definition
| glucose and forms TG in adipocytes. |
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Term
| What is the fate of amino acid during absorptive state? |
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Definition
| all tissues: AA->protein synthesis-->structural protein and enzymes. Liver: AA->NH3-->urea; AA->a-ketoacids-->FFA-->TG |
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Term
| T/F Lipolysis can generate glycerol which can help maintain normal blood glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Differences in levels of insuline between absorptive state and post-absorptive state. |
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Definition
| Absorptive state: increase in insulin level; Post-absorptive state: decrease in insulin level |
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Term
| What factors control insulin secretion? |
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Definition
| plasma glucose, plasma amino acids, glucose-dependent insulintropic peptide, Activation of parasympathetic neurons, activation of sympathetic neurons: hypoglycemia, stress, exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypoglycemia; stimulation of secretion; hyperglycemia: inhibition of secretion; Exercise: stimulation of secretion; high plasma amino acid: stimulatino of secretino; Activation of sympathetic neurons: stimulation of secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| major action on liver: opposite effect of insulin; increased glycogenolysis; through activation of adenylyl cyclase; which increases hepatic cAMP; increased gluconeogenesis; increased ketone synthesis |
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Term
| What are the effects of increased concentration cortisol? |
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Definition
| increased protein catabolism, increased gluconeogenesis, decreased insulin sensitivity -->decreased glucose transport by muscle and adipocytes, increased TG breakdown. |
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Term
| What are the anti-insulin effects of GH? |
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Definition
| increased lipolysis in adipocytes, increased gluconeogenesis by liver, decreased glucose transport by muscle and adipocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| onset at early age; 5-10% total DM; insulin deficiency is major problem; depends on exogenous insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| onset at both young and old age; 90-95% total DM; insulin rsistence in insulin target cells; diet & exercise; other drugs: insulin sensitizers, e.g. glucophage; insulin is necessary at later stage. |
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