Term
|
Definition
| Ribs 1-7, connected to sternum by costal cartilages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribs 8-12, costal cartilages do not reach sternum, cartilages join cartilage immediately superior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribs 11 and 12, free anterior end |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribs 3-9, head articulates with corresponding vertebrae and superior vertebrae, tubercle articulates with transverse process of corresponding vertebrae, body or shaft twists about its long axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribs 1, 2, and 10-12, articulates with only one vertebrae each |
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|
Term
| A condition where the subclavian artery or inferior trunk of the brachial plexus is stretched or compressed between the anterior and middle scalene muscles, producing numbess and tingling in the extremity, is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Thoracic outlet syndrome? |
|
|
Term
| What articulates with the manubrium of the sternum? |
|
Definition
| Clavicle, first costal cartilage, superior part of second costal cartilage, body of sternum |
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|
Term
| What articulates with the body of the sternum? |
|
Definition
| Manubrium, 2-7 costal cartilages, xiphoid process |
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|
Term
| What part of the sternum has a marrow cavity that can be used for bone marrow biopsy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The xiphoid process is in the infrasternal angle of which vertebrae? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The bifurcation of the trachea, beginning and end of aortic arch, 2nd costal cartilage, T4-5, and divisions into superior and inferior mediastinum are all located at what landmark? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| To enter the pleural cavity to aspirate fluid or perform a biopsy, a needle is insterted into what space? |
|
Definition
| Near the superior border of the rib inferior to the intercostal space |
|
|
Term
| The intercostal neurovascular bundle lies between what muscles? |
|
Definition
| Internal and innermost intercostal muscle |
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|
Term
| What is in the neurovascular bundles found in the intercostal space? |
|
Definition
| Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve (ascending to descending) |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the neurovascular bundle in the intercostal space is not protected by the costal groove? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intercostal nerves originate from what spinal nerves and from which part? |
|
Definition
| Anterior rami of first 11 spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac pain is often referred to where and why? |
|
Definition
| Medial side of the left arm due to T1 and T2 dermatomes continuing from the thoracic wall (ex. medial brachial cutaneous nerve C8, T1) |
|
|
Term
| What virus can lay dormant within posterior root ganglion and manifest in vesicular eruptions in associated dermatomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the first intercostal nerve short? |
|
Definition
| Most of the anterior ramus of T1 joins anterior ramus of C8 to form lower trunk of brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the origin and location of the subcostal nerve |
|
Definition
| Anterior ramus of T12, lies immediately below rib 12 |
|
|
Term
| Nipples generally lie over which intercostal space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supports the breast? |
|
Definition
| Suspensory ligaments that attach to overlying skin |
|
|
Term
| What separates the breast from deep fascia over the pectoralis major? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts as the milk reservoir for each lactiferous duct deep to the nipple during lactation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the breast? |
|
Definition
| Internal thoracic, intercostal, and lateral thoracic arteries |
|
|
Term
| The majority of breast lymph drains to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of pleura? |
|
Definition
| Visceral and parietal pleura |
|
|
Term
| Which pleura is adherent to the lung surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pleura is adherent to the chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinal structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cervical pleura extending above the first rib |
|
|
Term
| What is the lowest part of the pleural cavity that can also accumulate with abnormal pleural fluid? |
|
Definition
| Costodiaphragmatic recess |
|
|
Term
| Air in the pleural cavity resulting in partial or total collapse of the lung is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Puncture of the parietal pleura leads to deflation of the lung, known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surgical removal of fluid from the pleural cavity is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain in the thorax, abdomen, or shoulder on deep inspiration suggests what origin of somatic dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Irritated diaphragmatic pleura pain can be referred to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior process of the last tracheal cartilage that internally marks bifurcation of the trachea is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deviation of the position of the carina may indicate what pathology? |
|
Definition
| Lung cancer to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| An enlarged thyroid gland or aortic arch aneurysm can compress what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What superiorly crosses the righ main bronchus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspirated objects are more likely to enter which bronchus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What passes inferior to the arch of the aorta and anterior to the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eparterial bronchus is another name for what? |
|
Definition
| Right superior lobe bronchus due to rising above the level of the pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| The upper right lobe has what branches? |
|
Definition
| Apical, posterior, anterior |
|
|
Term
The middle right lobe has what branches?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Lower right lobe has what branches?
|
|
Definition
| Superior, anterior basal, lateral basal, medial basal, posterior basal |
|
|
Term
The upper left lobe has what branches?
|
|
Definition
| Apico-posterior, anterior, superior lingular, inferior lingular |
|
|
Term
The inferior left lobe has what branches?
|
|
Definition
| Superior, anteromedial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the region where structures enter or leave the lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the hilum of each lung? |
|
Definition
| One main bronchus, one pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| The double layered vertical fold of pleura extending inferiorly from hilum to base is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What divides the right lung into upper, middle, and lower lobes? |
|
Definition
| Oblique and horizontal fissure |
|
|
Term
| Which lung is shorter and why? |
|
Definition
| Right due to right dome of diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Which lung includes a cardiac notch and lingula? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What divides the left lung into upper and lower lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of what embryonic structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The left pulmonary artery is attached to what structure by what? |
|
Definition
| Aortic arch by ligamentum arteriosum |
|
|
Term
| What crosses under the arch of the aorta to reach the hilum of the right lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bronchial arteries are in the left lung and what are their origins? |
|
Definition
| Two, arise from descending thoracic aorta |
|
|
Term
| How many bronchial arteries are in the right lung and what are their origins? |
|
Definition
| One, from third right posterior intercostal artery |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lobes of the left lung |
|
Definition
| Upper to left bronchiomediastinal trunk, lower to right bronchomediastinal lymph trunk |
|
|
Term
| What nerve produces bronchial constriction and mucus secretion in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic vagal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What nerves relax bronchial smooth muscle and constrict pulmonary vessles? |
|
Definition
| Postganglionic sympathetic fibers from upper five thoracic sympathetic ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Visceral afferent fibers in the lung are supplied by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves provide the lung with stretch sensitivity and participate in the reflex control of respiration and the cough reflex? |
|
Definition
| Visceral afferent fibers from vagus nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased volume of thoracic cavity and lungs to create negative intrathoracic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What structures are involved in quiet inspiration? |
|
Definition
| Downward contraction of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in forced inspiration? |
|
Definition
| External intercostal muscle contraction elevate ribs, carries sternum upward and forward, assisted by accessory muscles of respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased volume of thorax and lungs creating a positive intrathoracic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What causes quiet expiration? |
|
Definition
| Passive elastic recoil of lungs and relaxation of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in forced expiration? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of anterior abdominal wall muscles and internal intercostal muscles, depressing ribs and sternum |
|
|
Term
| What are the accessory muscles of respiration? |
|
Definition
| Head, neck, and upper limb (attached to ribcage) muscles |
|
|
Term
| What causes spontaneous pneumothorax? |
|
Definition
| Air entering pleural cavity due to rupture of a bleb on a diseased lung |
|
|
Term
| Air entering the pleural cavity during inspiration due to a penetrating wound but is unable to exit during expiration is known as what life threatening condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the mediastinum shift in tension pneumothorax? |
|
Definition
| Away from affected side, compressing contralateral lung and compromising venous return to the heart |
|
|
Term
| The right dome of the diaphragm arches to what height? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The left dome of the diaphragm arches to what height? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the exception of the peripheral portion, the diaphragm receives motor and sensory innervation from what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The peripheral portion of the diaphragm recieves innervation from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the embryonic derivatives that contribute to the development of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Septum transversum, Pleurperitoneal membranes, esophageal mesentary, body wall mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| The median partition of tissue lying between paired pleural sacs that contain all thoracic organs except the lungs is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the mediastinum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| Anterior, middle, and posterior |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the superior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| Thymus, right and left brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, arch of aorta, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, phrenic and vagus nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum (a division of the inferior mediastinum)? |
|
Definition
| Lymph nodes and connective tissue, thymus in children |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the middle mediastinum (a subdivision of the inferior mediastinum)? |
|
Definition
| Pericardium, heart, roots of great vessels, primary bronchi, phrenic nerves, arch of azygos vein |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum (a subdivision of the inferior mediastinum)? |
|
Definition
| Descending thoracic aorta, esophagus and esophageal plexus, thoracic duct, azygos and hemiazygos veins |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the pericardium? |
|
Definition
| Outer fibrous and inner serous sac |
|
|
Term
| The fibrous pericardium is fused with what structure? |
|
Definition
| Inferiorly with central tendon of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the serous pericardum? |
|
Definition
| Closed visceral layer covering the heart and inner surface fibrous parietal layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the oblique pericardial sinus |
|
Definition
| Dorsal to left atrium formed by pericardial reflections surrounding pulmonary veins and the venae cavae |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the transverse pericardial sinus? |
|
Definition
| Passageway between the right and left sides of the pericardial cavity anterior to the superior vena cava, posterior to ascending aorta nd pulmonary trunk, and superior to pulmonary veins and left atrium |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the heart wall? |
|
Definition
| Outer epicardium, middle myocardium, inner endocardium |
|
|
Term
| What creates the skeleton of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Annuli fibrosi, four firmly connected fibrous connective tissue rings that separate and electrically insulates myocardial fibers of atria from those of ventricles |
|
|
Term
| The base of the heart is formed by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The apex of the heart is formed by what? |
|
Definition
| Blunt inferolateral projection formed by the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragmatic surface of the heart is formed by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sternocostal surface of the heart is formed by what? |
|
Definition
| Mostly the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What forms the right border of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Superior vena cava, right atrium, inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What forms the left border of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Left ventricle, small portion of left auricle |
|
|
Term
| What separates the atria from ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superior and inferior venae cava and coronary sinus provide blood to what portion of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tricuspid valve provide blood to what portion of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Right ventricle form the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| The pulmonary veins provide blood to what portion of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mitral valve provides blood to what portion of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Left ventricle from the left atrium |
|
|
Term
| The smooth-walled part of the heart derived from incorporation of right horn of sinus venosus is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Sinus venarum (in right atrium) |
|
|
Term
| What part of the heart corresponds to a part of the primitive atrium of the embryonic heart and conains pectinate muscles? |
|
Definition
| Auricles (in right atrium) |
|
|
Term
| What separates sinus venarum from the rough walled part and has a superior end that marks the location of the sinoatrial node? |
|
Definition
| Crista terminalis (in right atrium) |
|
|
Term
| What marks the site of the foramen ovale through which blood passes from the right atrium to the left atrium before birth? |
|
Definition
| Fossa ovalis (in right atrium) |
|
|
Term
| In embryonic hearts, what directs blood from the inferior vena cava through the foraman ovale into the left atrium? |
|
Definition
| Valve of inferior vena cava (in right atrium) |
|
|
Term
| What fibrous strand connect papillary muscles to cusps of atrioventricular valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tricuspid valve consists of what cusps? |
|
Definition
| Anterior, posterior, and septal cusps |
|
|
Term
| What allows blood flow from the right atrium to right ventricle during diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the tricuspid valve? |
|
Definition
| Allows blood flow from right atrium to left ventricle during diastole, closes during systole and prevents back flow into right atrium |
|
|
Term
| What cusps make up the mitral valve? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior cusps |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the pulmonary valve? |
|
Definition
| Right, left, and anterior semilunar cusps and pulmonary sinuses |
|
|
Term
| What forces closed the pulmonary valve, preventing backflow of blood to the pulmonary truck? |
|
Definition
| Relaxation of the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the aortic valve? |
|
Definition
| Right, left, and posterior semilunar cusps and aortic sinuses |
|
|
Term
| The first heart sound is produced by what? |
|
Definition
| Closure of the atrioventricular valves at the start of systole |
|
|
Term
| The second heart sound is procued by what? |
|
Definition
| Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole |
|
|
Term
| What intiates heartbeat (the pacemaker of the heart)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the SA node? |
|
Definition
| Right atrial wall at superior end of crista terminalis |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply of the SA node? |
|
Definition
| SA nodal artery from the right coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| Where is the AV node located? |
|
Definition
| Interatrial septum near opening of coronary sinus in right atrium |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the AV node? |
|
Definition
| Atrioventricular nodal artery from the right coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| When is blood flow through coronary arteries greatest? |
|
Definition
| Diastole while myocardium is relaxed and aortic valve is closed |
|
|
Term
| A failure of ductus arteriosus to close after birth is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of a patent ductus arteriosus defect? |
|
Definition
| Blood flow from aorta to pulmonary artery, possible obstructive pulmonary vascular disease |
|
|
Term
| What is derived from the third pair of the aortic arch during development? |
|
Definition
| Proximal parts form common carotid artery, distal part forms internal carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| What is derived from the fourth pair of the aortic arch during development? |
|
Definition
| Rich arch forms proximal part of right subclavian, left arch forms part of arch of aorta |
|
|
Term
What is derived from the fith pair of the aortic arch during development?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is derived from the sixth pair of the aortic arch during development?
|
|
Definition
| Right arch forms proximal part of pulmonary artery, left arch forms proximal part of left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus |
|
|
Term
| What drains most of the blood from the posterior thoracic wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed at the azygos system of veins in cases of ostruction of either the superior or inferior vena cava? |
|
Definition
| Caval-caval anastomosis between superior and inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What are the spinal roots of the phrenic nerve? |
|
Definition
| Anterior rami of spinal nerves C3, 4, 5 |
|
|
Term
| The left recurrent laryngeal nerve curves below what? |
|
Definition
| Arch of aorta to left of ligamentum arteriosum |
|
|
Term
| A hoarse voice may be the first sign of injury to what? |
|
Definition
| Left recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What can damage the left recurrent laryngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Aortic arch aneurysm, bronchogenic or esophageal carcinuma, surgical error, pancoast tumor, or enlarged left atrium |
|
|
Term
| The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the thoracic sympathetic trunk? |
|
Definition
| 11 or 12 sympathetic paravertebral ganglia corresponding to spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the roots of the thoracic splancnic nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up thoracic splanchnic nerves? |
|
Definition
| Preganglionic sympathetic fibers to synapse in abdominal prevertebral ganglia, GVA fibers from posterior root ganglion |
|
|
Term
| The greater splanchnic nerves arise from what roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lesser splanchnic nerves arise from what roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The least splanchnic nerves arise from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves supply voluntary muscle contraction of the upper esophagus? |
|
Definition
| Recurrent laryngeal nerves from vagus |
|
|
Term
| What nerves supply middle and lower esophagus? |
|
Definition
| Esophageal plexus made from sympathetic vasomotor fibers, vagal parasympathetic fibers that stimulate peristalsis, and parasympathetic visceral afferent fibers concerned with reflex activity |
|
|
Term
| Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristic barium swallow appearance indicates achalasia? |
|
Definition
| Bird beak appearance at the lower esophageal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| The upper esophagus drains lymph to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The middle esophagus drains lymph to what?
|
|
Definition
| Posterior mediastinal nodes |
|
|
Term
The lower esophagus drains lymph to what?
|
|
Definition
|
|
