Term
| what is the orientation of the thoracic spine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the orientation of the facets of the thoracic spine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what plane do thoracic vertebrae facets facilitate movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks like you're in flexion, but it's fixed |
|
|
Term
| describe spinous process of thoracic spine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does downward angle of thoracic spinous process affect palpation |
|
Definition
| you're palpating at the level below |
|
|
Term
| where are the costal facets on thoracic vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| on body and on transverse processes |
|
|
Term
| which 2 thoracic vertebrae are atypical and why? |
|
Definition
| T11, T12: ribs only attach to body, no costal facet on transverse process |
|
|
Term
| what are the thoracic vertebrae ligaments? |
|
Definition
| anterior longitudinal ligament anterior to vertebral bodies, posterior longitudinal ligament posterior to vertebral bodies, ligamentum flavum on posterior side of spinal canal, intertransverse ligaments between transverse processes, interspinous ligaments between spinous processes, facet capusle |
|
|
Term
| at what 2 joints do ribs articulate with vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| costotransverse joint, costovertebral joint |
|
|
Term
| which ribs don’t have constotransverse joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the ligaments at costotransverse joints? |
|
Definition
| costotransverse ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what are the ligaments at the costovertebral joint? |
|
Definition
| capsular and radiate ligaments |
|
|
Term
| why is the intervertebral disc in the thoracic spine rarely injured? |
|
Definition
| structural stability from rib articulations and ligaments |
|
|
Term
| describe motion/strength in thoracic spine |
|
Definition
| We have less motion and more stability/strength in the thoracic spine. Ligaments are strong. Not as many disc injuries in thoracic spine |
|
|
Term
| what influences osteokinematics and provides stability to thoracic vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much flexion in T spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much extension in T spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is there less extension than flexion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when you sidebend to the right? |
|
Definition
| right side of vertebra slides posterior, left side of vertebra slides superior |
|
|
Term
| how much lateral flexion is in the thoracolumbar spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much axial rotation is in the thoracolumbar spine |
|
Definition
| 30 deg, decreases distally |
|
|
Term
| how is lateral flexion coupled with axial rotation in upper T spine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is lateral flexion coupled with axial rotation in lower T spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to maximally close left in lower T spine |
|
Definition
| sidebend to left, rotate to right |
|
|
Term
| what motion always closes spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is T spine often involved in postural dysfunctino? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much is normal kyphosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much is normal kyphosis in kids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osteoporosis causes wedged vertebral bodies => kyphosis |
|
|
Term
| describe kyphosis and internal forces |
|
Definition
| when the spine is in flexion, the internal extensor muscles have to work hard to pull you up against gravity. However, they are also lengthened because of flexion, so they are not as strong. |
|
|
Term
| why does kyphotic orientation worsen? |
|
Definition
| creep: posterior ligaments have a constant force pulling on them, so they stretch longer |
|
|
Term
| describe compression fractures and kyphosis |
|
Definition
| caused by compression on vertebral body. The bone collapses/fractures and the vertebral body forms a wedge shape. |
|
|
Term
| where do compression fractures of the spine usually occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of spine does scoliosis mostly affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a right thoracic curve? |
|
Definition
| scoliosis that is convex to right |
|
|
Term
| what is a right thoracic-lumbar curve |
|
Definition
| scoliosis that is convex in lower right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is lateral flexion and axial rotation coupled in scoliosis? |
|
Definition
| contralaterally: as in lumbar spine |
|
|
Term
| what is functional scoliosis? |
|
Definition
| curve corrects with change in posture |
|
|
Term
| how is ventilation different from respiration? |
|
Definition
| ventilation = air in and out; respiration = exchange of gases |
|
|
Term
| what principle guides movement of air in and out of lungs? |
|
Definition
| Boyle's Law: pressure and volume are inversely related, so that as volume increases, pressure decreases AND air travels from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure |
|
|
Term
| describe interpleural space |
|
Definition
| has negative pressure that makes it link lungs to chest wall. |
|
|
Term
| how does movement of the chest wall increase volume of lungs? |
|
Definition
| lungs are linked to chest wall by interpleural space |
|
|
Term
| what is inside interpleural space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collapsed lung: puncture of interpleural space causes air to leak out of space and destroy the connection between lungs and chest wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we can control volume, and by boyle's law we control pressure. Air always flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. |
|
|
Term
| what are our components of breathing |
|
Definition
| rib cage, muscles of ventilation, diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. increase volume in the thoracic cavity and the lungs, 2. lower intrathoracic pressure, 3. air flows into the lungs because it goes from high pressure outside to low pressure inside |
|
|
Term
| around which 2 joints do ribs elevate superiorly for inspiration/ |
|
Definition
| costovertebral, costotransverse |
|
|
Term
| where is the axis of rotation for rib elevation for inspiration? |
|
Definition
| through imaginary line between costotransverse and costovertebral joints |
|
|
Term
| what does rib elevation do to assist inspiration? |
|
Definition
| increases anterior/posterior diameter of thorax |
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers are in the muscles that elevate the rib cage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the mucles that elevate ribs work against? |
|
Definition
| resistive forces of lung elasticity, airway resistance |
|
|
Term
| what is quiet ventilation? |
|
Definition
| normal breathing, using primary muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is forced breathing? |
|
Definition
| taking deep breaths, using accessory muscles |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary muscles of inspiration? |
|
Definition
| diaphragm, scalenes, external intercostals |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary force of expiration? |
|
Definition
| passive, elastic recoil of lungs: volume decreases, pressure increases, forces air out |
|
|
Term
| what does diaphragm do to increase thoracic volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how far does the diaphragm move in normal inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how far does the diaphragm move in forced inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscle accounts for 80% of inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the scalenes contribute to ventilation? |
|
Definition
| raise the rib cage, counteract the effects of diaphragm to help stabilize rib cage |
|
|
Term
| when does the activity of the scalenes increase? |
|
Definition
| at the end of inspiration |
|
|
Term
| how do the external intercostals contribute to ventilation? |
|
Definition
| raise and spread the rib cage |
|
|
Term
| how do the external intercostals change the position of the ribs |
|
Definition
| ribs move from downward resting position to almost perpendicular to spinal column |
|
|
Term
| how much does the chest cavity expand from the intercostals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pushes diaphragm back up in expiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what reverses the action of the scalenes during expiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the internal intercostals contribute to expiration? |
|
Definition
| depress and squeeze the ribcage |
|
|
Term
| what muscles assist in forced expiration? |
|
Definition
| rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus |
|
|
Term
| when are accessory muscles used in breathing? |
|
Definition
| increased activity, disease |
|
|
Term
| where do accessory breathing muscles attach? |
|
Definition
| shoulder, head, or vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| what are the accessory muscles of inspiration? |
|
Definition
| sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius |
|
|
Term
| how does the sternocleidomastoid contribute to inspiration? |
|
Definition
| (accessory) elevates ribs |
|
|
Term
| how does trapezius contribute to inspiration? |
|
Definition
| (accessory) fixes head for SCM action |
|
|
Term
| how does pectoralis major contribute to inspiration? |
|
Definition
| when arms are up, pec major helps inspiration by lifting rib cage |
|
|
Term
| what accessory muscles assist in expiration? |
|
Definition
| pectoralis major, abdominals, quadratus lumborum |
|
|
Term
| how does the pectoralis major contribute to expiration? |
|
Definition
| (accessory) when arms are down, pec major compresses the rib cage to help expiration |
|
|
Term
| how does quadratus lumborum assist with expiration? |
|
Definition
| (accessory) stabilizes ribs |
|
|
Term
| what does air resistance in the body's airways depend on? |
|
Definition
| viscosity/thickness of air, smoothness of container walls, diameter of the container |
|
|
Term
| what is a ventilation disorder |
|
Definition
| anything that impedes movement of thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| what types of things cause ventilation disorders? |
|
Definition
| injury or paralysis of muscles of inhalation, restrictions of airway openings (obstructions, bronchospasms, asthma), decreased rib cage compliance |
|
|
Term
| what are the mechanical effects and results of COPD? |
|
Definition
| decreased lung elasticity causes outward pull of rib cage to be greater than elastic recoil of lungs, leading to barrel shaped chest. Muscles are placed in shortened positions. Can't expire completley |
|
|
Term
| how does scoliosis affect ventilation? |
|
Definition
| curve crushes lung on convex side; length-tension relationships are altered; rib mobility reduced |
|
|
Term
| how does scoliosis affect length-tension relationships of ventilation muscles? |
|
Definition
| muscles on convex side stretched, muscles on concave side shortened |
|
|
Term
| what are the normal aging effects on ventilation? |
|
Definition
| decreased lung elasticity, decreased rib cage compliance, decreased mobility of thoracic spine and rib cage (from kyphosis), decreased muscle strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reactive airway disease; change area; can't get as much air in |
|
|
Term
| how are rheumatoid conditions ventilation disorders? |
|
Definition
| decreased joint mobility bc it hurts to move joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucous in lungs, not as much room for air |
|
|
Term
| do we have good or band control of temporomandibular joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of joint is TMJ? |
|
Definition
| 2 associated but distinct articulations (left and right); synovial joint with fibrocartilage instead of hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
| which 2 bones articulate at TMJ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary articular surface of the temporal bone at the TMJ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of temporal bone articulates with mandibular condyle (with biconcave disc in between)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the body of the mandible? |
|
Definition
| front part, where teeth are |
|
|
Term
| what are the rami of the mandible? |
|
Definition
| part that sticks up from body and articulates with tempral bone |
|
|
Term
| where is the angle of the jaw? |
|
Definition
| on mandible, where rami meet body |
|
|
Term
| what is the mandibular condyle? |
|
Definition
| primary articular surface of mandible on temporal. Has medial and lateral poles |
|
|
Term
| what is the notch on the mandible between the coronoid process and the mandibular condyle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another term for mandibular fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what surrounds the glenoid/mandibular fossa? |
|
Definition
| posterior glenoid spine posteriorly, articular eminence anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| how is the articular disk of the TMJ biconcave? |
|
Definition
| both its superior (below articular eminence) and inferior (above mandibular condyle) surfaces are concave |
|
|
Term
| what are the medial/lateral attachments of the TMJ disc? |
|
Definition
| temporal bone, mandibular condyle |
|
|
Term
| what are the anterior attachments of the TMJ fibrocartilagnous disk? |
|
Definition
| articular capsule, lateral pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| what are the posterior attachements of the TMJ disk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what separates an upper and lower joint in each side of the TMJ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the upper TMJ joint? |
|
Definition
| temporal bone's glenoid fossa + disk |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the lower TMJ joint? |
|
Definition
| disk + mandibular condyle |
|
|
Term
| what kind of joint is the lower TMJ joint and how many degrees of freedom does it have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind ofjoint is the lower TMJ joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of movement does the lower TMJ do? |
|
Definition
| primarily anterior-posterior translation |
|
|
Term
| is the disc attached more firmly to temporal bone or to mandibular condyle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the disc slide on the temporal bone? |
|
Definition
| anteriorly and posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| how does the disc move medially and laterally on the temporal bone? |
|
Definition
| it doesn't move medially and laterally |
|
|
Term
| describe the jaw's anterior/posterior capsule |
|
Definition
| loose to allow forward glide |
|
|
Term
| how is the looseness of the anterior/posterior capsule sometimes a bad thing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the disc do as the mandible moves? |
|
Definition
| the disc moves with the mandible |
|
|
Term
| is the motion of the TMJ disc active or passive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the disc glide against as it goes anteriorly/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 primary ligaments of the TMJ? |
|
Definition
| temporomandibular ligament, stylomandibular ligament, sphenomandibular ligament |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 parts of the temporomandibular ligament? |
|
Definition
| oblique portion, horizontal portion |
|
|
Term
| what does the oblique portion of the TM ligament attach to? |
|
Definition
| neck of the condyle and articular eminence |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the oblique portion of the temporomandibular ligament? |
|
Definition
| limits downward/posterior motion of the mandible, limits rotation of the condyle during opening |
|
|
Term
| what does the horizontal portion of the temporomandibular ligament attach to? |
|
Definition
| lateral condyle, posterior disk, articular eminence |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the horizontal portion of the temporomandibular ligament? |
|
Definition
| inhibit posterior motion of condyle thereby protecting the retrodiscal lamina |
|
|
Term
| what are the attachments of the stylomandibular ligament? |
|
Definition
| styloid process of the temporal bone, posterior border of the ramus of mandible |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the stylomandibular ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the attachments of the sphenomandibular ligament? |
|
Definition
| sphenoid bone and middle of ramus of mandible |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the sphenomandibular ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mandibular depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mandibular elevation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mandibular protrusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mandibular retrusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is left and right lateral deviation |
|
Definition
| sliding teeth side to side |
|
|
Term
| what TMJ joint moves first in mouth opening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the motion of the lower TMJ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much motion is provided by the lower TMJ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the arthrokinematics of the lower TMJ |
|
Definition
| convex mandibular condyle rolls posteriorly, slides anteriorly on concave disk |
|
|
Term
| as the convex mandibular condyle rolls posteriorly on the concave disk, how does the disk move on the mandible? |
|
Definition
| convex disk slides and rolls anteriorly on mandibular condyle |
|
|
Term
| where does most of the mouth opening come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of movement does the upper TMJ do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much movement does the upper TMJ provide in mouth opening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe arthrokinematics of upper TMJ |
|
Definition
| anterior glide of concave disk on convex temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| what is a functional ROM for mouth opening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal ROM for mouth opening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the breakdown of movement of opening at the TMJ? |
|
Definition
| posterior rotation followed by anterior translation |
|
|
Term
| what is the breakdown of movement of closing at the TMJ? |
|
Definition
| closing starts with posterior glide, ends with anterior rotatoin |
|
|
Term
| what is the first part of mouth closing? |
|
Definition
| posterior translation of mandible from full open to half open? |
|
|
Term
| what provides active disk movement? |
|
Definition
| lateral pterygoids: forceful opening, eccentric control during mouth closing |
|
|
Term
| what provides passive control of disk movement? |
|
Definition
| ligaments, articular capsule |
|
|
Term
| what joint movement creates protrusion/retrusion? |
|
Definition
| movement between articular disk and temporal bone: gliding of upper joint |
|
|
Term
| what does protrusion stretch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much movement can you get in protrusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does protrusion look like? |
|
Definition
| bottom teeth in front of top teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporomandibular ligament |
|
|
Term
| how much movement can you get in retrusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the motions of lateral deviation? |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral condyle spins, contralateral condyle glides forward |
|
|
Term
| how much normal motion can you get in lateral deviatoin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is TMJ rest position? |
|
Definition
| teeth slightly apart, tongue on roof of mouth, least stress on joint |
|
|
Term
| how much do our teeth contact a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what provides non-forceful mouth opening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what provides forceful mouth opening? |
|
Definition
| digastric, infrahyoids, lateral pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| what muscles provide mouth closing? |
|
Definition
| temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, eccentric control of disc from lateral pterygoids |
|
|
Term
| what muscles control protrusion? |
|
Definition
| lateral pterygoids, medial pterygoids, masseter |
|
|
Term
| what muscles control retrusion? |
|
Definition
| temporalis posterior fibers, digastric |
|
|
Term
| what muscles pull contralateral side forward in lateral deviation? |
|
Definition
| lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| what muscle pulls ipsilateral condyle posteriorly in lateral deviation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles are working during R lateral deviation? |
|
Definition
| R temporalis, L lateral and medial pteryd |
|
|
Term
| what are some TMJ pathomechanics? |
|
Definition
| inflammation from rheumatoid arthritis, capsular fibrosis resulting in hypomobility, osseous mobility conditions resulting in hypermobility and dislocation, articular disk displacement, degeneration |
|
|
Term
| how can you tell that a TMJ is hypermobile? |
|
Definition
| laxity of capsule/ligaments/tendons, joint noise at the end of opening, unilateral hypermobility can produce lateral deviation |
|
|
Term
| in a hypermobile TMJ, what causes the clicking? |
|
Definition
| condyle sliding over eminence at end of opening |
|
|
Term
| what happens in TMJ dislocation? |
|
Definition
| condyle passes anteriorly to articular eminence |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you have a dislocated TMJ? |
|
Definition
| contralateral deviation, inability to close mouth after yawn, bite |
|
|
Term
| what muscle is contracted during TMJ dislocation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in articular disc displacement? |
|
Definition
| disc moves anteriorly over articular eminence |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of articular disc displacement? |
|
Definition
| with and without reduction |
|
|
Term
| describe articular disc displacement with reduction |
|
Definition
| joint noise during opening and closing bc mandibular condyle touches retrodiscal tissue rather than disc at rest |
|
|
Term
| describe articular disc displacement without reduction |
|
Definition
| no noise, posterior ligaments are further stretched, condyle doesn't glide over disk but glides over retrodiskal tissue instead |
|
|
Term
| in forward head posture, which TMJ muscles are stretche? |
|
Definition
| infrahyoids (sternohyoid, omohyoid) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the mandibular condyle in forward head posture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to retrodiscal tissue on forward head posture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to lateral pterygoid in forward head posture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the jaw pulled in forward head posture? |
|
Definition
|
|
