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| the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering,and communicating |
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| a mental grouping of similar objects, ideas,or people. |
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| a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). |
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| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarentees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics |
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| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |
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| a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
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| a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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| the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving. |
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| a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been sucsessful in the past, |
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| the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. |
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| representativness heuristic |
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| judging the liklihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent,or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignoreother relevant information. |
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| estimating the liklihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. |
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| the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements. |
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| the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. |
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| the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logiucal reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or or valid conclusions seem invalid. |
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| clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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| our spoken or written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. |
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| in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
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| in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix). |
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| in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
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| the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning. |
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| the rules for combining words into gramatically sensible sentences in a given language. |
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| beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various souunds at first unrelated to the household language. |
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| the stage in speech development, from age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. |
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| beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. |
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| early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs and ommitting auxiliary words. |
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| Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |
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