Term
| what has the research on the impact of cell phone use and driving revealed? |
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Definition
| compared to being DRUNK: slower to react, increased rear end accidents, hands free devices make no difference (it's the distraction of the conversation) |
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Term
| IDEAL problem solving framework |
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Definition
I: identify the problem
D: define and represent the prob
E: explore possible strategies
A: act on those strategies
L: look back and evaluate |
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Term
| How does the two trains problem highlight the importance of problem representation? |
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Definition
| how you define a prob effects your ability to solve it. there is an easy and a hard way to solve the train problem and the way you represent it effects which way you use |
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Term
| Set effect and the water jug problem |
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Definition
| set effect- stuck doing something the same way even if there's a simpler way because that's they way you've always done it. Water jug problem, solve the first four the same way, fifth one can be solved easily but use the harder method because it was introduced first |
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Term
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Definition
| how you think to TYPICALLY use an object, don't always realize other potential uses |
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Term
| Synectics Method of Group problem solving. |
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Definition
Learn to be a resource: express ideas, listen/sell ideas, give/take criticism, let go of ideas
Reaching a decision: let client lead, seek consensus, all need to agree
Structure the process: gains/ losses of the method |
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Term
| According to Tulving, what are the 3 systems that make up LTM? |
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Definition
Episodic: specific events and experiences
Semantic: generic knowledge, facts
Procedual: how to perform an action |
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Term
| Availability vs Accessibility |
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Definition
avail: info in memory
access: ability to access that available info at a given time |
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Term
| major types of memory tests |
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Definition
recognition test: presented with a cue you've either seen or not, determine which
cued recall: presented with part of the info, recall rest
free recall: not presented a cue, recall what can |
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Term
| what are the components that make up Baddeley's Model of STM? |
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Definition
phonological loop: processes acustic/verbal info
visiospatial sketchpad: proc. visual/ spatial info
central executive: manages use of info-decision making
episodic buffer: stores multidimensional info (integrated across modalities) |
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Term
| what are the implications of the Shiv and Fedorikhin study? |
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Definition
| ppl under more stress/anxiety find it harder to resist temptation (or do what they intend to do) |
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Term
| proactive vs retroactive interference (how tested?) |
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Definition
proactive: earlier learned info interferes with later learned info
retroactive: later learned info interferes with earlier learned info
tested by teaching spanish then french and then french then spanish |
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Term
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Definition
making a previously consolidated memory disrupted to be reconsolidated (maybe differently)
rat-shock experiment |
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Term
| How is memory constructive? |
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Definition
we remember pieces of experiences and then reconstruct those pieces to form a solid memory
unlike a tape recorder, do not remember everything exactly |
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Term
| Source monitoring judgments and errors |
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Definition
judging the origin of info (where if came from)
errors: sometimes imagined scenarios can be mistakenly thought to be real
sometimes can't remember at all where info came from |
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Term
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Definition
a cue will be most effective if if is encoded with the to-be-remembered info
overlap of info present at encoding and retrieval (more=better)
context change studies: recall info best in PLACE WHERE LEARNED |
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Term
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Definition
verbatim: word for word, rarely if ever recall info this way
gist: general idea of experience, common |
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Term
| explicit vs implicit memory (direct vs indirect tests) |
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Definition
explicit: intend to remember info (direct test)
implicit: do not intend to remember but influences you anyway (indirect test) |
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Term
| what are schemas and how do they affect memory? |
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Definition
general structure of knowledge about ppl, places, or things (i.e. schema for a restaurant), typical parts/features
ppl remember most clearly schema highly atypical things and sometimes think remember something because it is typical even though it may not have been there |
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Term
| Stanovich- what are the fundamental computational biases of human cognition? |
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Definition
auto contextualization: tend to provide background/context info when there is none based on our past experiences
tend to see patterns where there are none
tend toward a narrative mode of thought (story like) |
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Term
| conclusions of the Hastorf and Contril study (football game) |
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Definition
ppl dont have different attitudes about a 'thing', that 'thing' can be a completely different 'thing' to them
football case: princeton fans reported way more fouls against dartmouth than dartmouth fans reported |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/3 ppl asked said the media is biased and 90% of those said it was biased against own candidate (in election) |
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Term
| cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
consistency needed bt cognitions (beliefs, emotions, opinions, etc)
when there isnt, it creates discomfort and something must be changed
reduce the importance of the conflicting issue, get new beliefs, remove conflicting attricute |
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Term
| festinger and carlsmith (dull study) |
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Definition
| participants went to extremely dull study and then asked to lie and say it was awesome for either 1$ or 20$. Those who lied for only 1$ felt more dissonance bc not worth it, those who lied for 20$ felt ok bc they got 20$ |
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Term
| self perception theory (how does it differ from cog diss?) Bem |
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Definition
ppl build beliefs on observing own behavior, ppl infer the causes of their behavior
cognitive dissonance regarded as a negative motivation that should be avoided. |
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Term
| Pre-decisional and post decisional dissonance |
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Definition
| pre: ex. ppl who felt more dissonance about 'prejudice' were later more likely to report discrimination post: more confident in decision after it's been made race track ex |
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Term
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Definition
ppl strongly overestimate their ability to predict the outcome
easy to say 'i knew that' after being told the outcome |
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Term
| Primacy and recency effects (when do they occur) |
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Definition
| primacy: affected more by info early in communication, most likely to occur when both 'sides' are presented together, delay, then decision Recency: affected more by info later in communication, most likely to occur when one side is presented, delay, other side and then decision |
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Term
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Definition
| if someone is particularly good at one thing, he is thought to be good at many things |
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Term
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Definition
same question asked in a different order can affect answers given
in study which question received first affected the proportion that endorsed a particular answer |
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Term
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Definition
dont have an opinion but give one anyway
can filter out by asking filter questions (dont know/no opinion)
imp because public policy can be based on results of ppl with pseudo-opinions |
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Term
| Prothro and Griggs and the consistency of attitudes |
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Definition
| asked ppl 2 similar questions in a dif way and ppl failed to be consistent with their attitudes most of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| said almost never consistent with behavior, should abandon idea of attitudes all together |
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Term
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Definition
| only ppl not in a hurry stopped to help the sick stranger, had nothing to do with speech |
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Term
| in what instances might attitudes guide behavior? |
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Definition
| when they are specific to that behavior or when they are tested in close succession |
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Term
| how are answers to questions affected by the type and number of alternative answers? |
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Definition
| if include a neutral question, proportion of answers chosen is affected -troop pull poll ex |
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Term
| what is socially desirable responding |
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Definition
| responding on the basis of what you think society thinks you should answer |
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Term
| how does framing potentially affect decision making? |
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Definition
how formulate problem matters
both asian disease programs were the same but how they were presented affected their selection |
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Term
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Definition
ppl make choices based on loss or gain
will drive across town to save 5$ off ot 15$ but not the save 5$ (same amount) off of 500$. |
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Term
| what are the key assumptions of expected utility theory |
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Definition
| assume: decision makers have all info, understand the pros/cons of the info, can compare the choices, and apply consistency to their reasoning |
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Term
| prescriptive (normative) vs descriptive model of DM |
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Definition
normative: how decisions SHOULD be made
descriptive: how they are ACTUALLY made |
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Term
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Definition
| order of alternatives, dominance, cancellation, transitivity, continuity, and invariance |
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Term
| what does it mean to violation transitivity? |
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Definition
| if you prefer A to B and B to C then you SHOULD also prefer A to C (if not, violate) |
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Term
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Definition
| if two outcomes have the same factor, it should be ignored |
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Term
| what does satisficing mean? |
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Definition
ppl choose the option that is 'good enough'
they dont optimize (either bc missing info, not enough time, outcomes uncertain etc) |
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Term
| elements of prospect theory |
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Definition
value
pple are risk averse in terms of gains and risk seeking in terms of losses
tend to overweight small probabilities and underweight large ones
endowment: once own an object, think its worth more |
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Term
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Definition
ppl prefer a reduction of risk to zero or close to zero over a greater reduction somewhere else
ex. ppl will pay more to have the only bullet removed from a gun in a game of russian roulette than they would to have 1 of 4 removed (still only one bullet) |
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Term
| compensatory strategies for multi-attribute choices |
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Definition
linear model: each dimension weighted according to importance
additive difference model: compare only the differences
ideal point model: have an ideal in mind and compare choices to it |
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Term
| noncompensatory strategies for multi-attribute choices |
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Definition
conjunctive: eliminate choice that falls outside predefined boundaries
disjunctive: each alternative is evaluated based on it best attribute
lexicographic: choose most important attribute, then second, etc etc
elimination by aspects: eliminate choices that dont have needed attribute |
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Term
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Definition
heuristic: rule of thumb
bias: systematic tendencies toward a particular outcome in ppls thought process |
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Term
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Definition
decision based on similarity of A to B, current situation to past experience
due to schemas/stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| the simultaneous occurrence of two events cannot be more likely than the probability of either even alone |
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Term
| what is the effect of neglecting base rates |
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Definition
| ex. a man is slim, wears glasses, likes poetry; is he more likely an ivy league professor or a truck driver? even though seems like prof, much more likely that he is a truck driver (give that there are a lot more truck drivers in the world than ivy league professors) |
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Term
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Definition
| unusually high or low scores are usually followed by a score that is closer to the mean (not oppositely high or low) |
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Term
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Definition
assess situation by ease of which info is brought to mind
even imagining an even can make it seem more realistic |
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Term
| common mistakes of probability judgment |
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Definition
overestimate conjunctive events
underestimate disjunctive events
conservatism: slow to revise estimates in response to new info |
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Term
| T/F: Positive outcomes are viewed more likely than negative ones |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an anchor and how does it affect DM? |
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Definition
starting point
where you begin matters (remember original context, understand problem in a certain way) |
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Term
| what does the northcraft and neale experiment illustrate |
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Definition
real estate example, original (starting point) price of house affects how the real estate agents listed the house
even professionals can be affected by anchors |
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Term
| outcome of 'ask and you shall receive' experiment |
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Definition
| mock jury exp, asked for either 15 mil or 50 mil and the amount affected the verdict (even though it was not evidence) |
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Term
| what does the markus study say about memory from the past |
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Definition
| when attempting to recall how you felt in the past often state how feel now (cannot ignore current feelings) |
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Term
| why do people often interpret rare events as proof of conspiracy? |
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Definition
| because they don't consider base rates and actual probabilities (tend to think events are more rare than actual) |
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Term
| do ppl see patterns in random events |
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Definition
| yes, and randomness where there are patters |
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Term
| when two outcomes are correlated, what are the potential causal relationships |
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Definition
A caused B, B cause A or a third
variable C caused the relationship |
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Term
| how accurate are people in judging correlations |
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Definition
not very,confirmation bias
ppl can pick out correlations when they are extreme or when they have been told there is one |
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Term
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Definition
| illusion of control, ppl believed that the cards they picked were more likely to be drawn from a sack over randomly assigned cards, also believed that their card was worth more(endowment) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| kelley's attribution error |
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Definition
3 potential causes: person, situation, or time (unique circumstances)
3 sources of info: consensus (do others act this way), consistency (do ppl usually act this way), Distinctiveness(uniqueness)
salience: unique stands out |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| core bias, we tend to overestimate the extent to which we attribute other ppls behavior to internal dispositions and underestimate situational causes |
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Term
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Definition
| avoid being bias by paying attention to consensus info, ask yourself how you would behave, look beyond salient options |
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Term
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Definition
the more ppl in a group the less the individuals tend to do
diffusion of responsibility: in large groups ppl tend to do nothing, assume someone else will act
kitty's murder: no one acted bc thought others would |
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Term
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Definition
| a feature ADDED to both choices shouldnt make a difference but it can |
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Term
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Definition
| when looking at potential payoff vs probability of winning they reverse their preferences ex can choose between an 80% chance of getting 10$ or a 20% change of getting 50$; ppl will choose the 80% choice, but will rate the 20% choice higher |
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Term
| common attributional biases |
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Definition
self serving: will accept responsibility more often for success over failure
egocentric: when in a group ppl tend to claim they did more than others think they did
positivity effect: tendency to attribute positive behaviors to disposition and negative behaviors to situational causes |
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Term
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Definition
if ppl consider regret while making a decision affects the decision
ppl regret most if they were close, less if farther away |
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Term
| what do ppl usually assume about randomness when judging probabilities like flipping a coin? |
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Definition
| tend to think that heads cant show up 10 times in a row but that is just as random as HTHTHT |
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Term
| what mistakes do ppl make when judging compound events |
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Definition
| ppl overestimate the probability of two events occuring at the same time and underestimate prob of one event |
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Term
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Definition
| causation and correlation, bias when ppl assume causation=correlation |
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Term
| what factors affect judgments of correlations |
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Definition
| ppl are almost exclusively driven by confirmation bias |
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Term
| what is social facilitation |
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Definition
| opposite of social loafing, occurs when task is easy or is mastered |
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Term
| what is social comparison theory |
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Definition
| ppl compare opinions and actions to others behavior, conformation study |
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Term
| 3 Dimensions of risk -Slovic |
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Definition
dread risk: percieved lack of control, fatal consequences, etc
unknown risk: unknow outcomes, new etc
#of ppl exposed to a given risk |
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