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| Theoretical models (approaches) |
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Definition
| - Basic - Trait - Behavioral - Psychoanalytic - Phenomenological (Humanistic) - Biological |
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| - See things quickly and as a whole |
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- Based and grounded in only theory - Developed great assumptions of how we develop who we are as an adult - Very few personality theorists took it to the research/data level - Claimed they couldn’t take it to the experimental level |
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| - It refers to an individuals characteristic pattern of thoughts, emotions, and overt behaviors (the ones you can see) - Cognitions (thinking) - Self talk - Affect (feelings) - Emotional episodes that come on quickly but don’t stay long (moods) - Patterns that are long lasting and fairly stable - Tend to assess personality by calling it a social awareness , “a good personality” how you are with people - Also by whatever your dominate trait is you can get labeled completely by it (sizing people up) |
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Term
| Most relevant personality models |
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Definition
| - Basic model/approach
- Trait Theory - Biological Approach - Behavioral Approach - Psychoanalytical - Humanistic - Phenomenological - Biological medical - Gestalt - Cognitive - Evolutionary
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->- <!--[endif]-->Basic model/approach |
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Definition
<!--[if !supportLists]-->o <!--[endif]-->Trying to identify and explain patterns and behavior by tying observations and associate behaviors together <!--[if !supportLists]-->o <!--[endif]-->Don’t make quick judgments |
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| o An approach used primarily when doing personality assessment o See how people differ from comparing them to general traits |
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| o Common sense o Physiological having an influence o Examples: hormones, cardiac problems, changes, stress, etc. |
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| o Learning theory taken it into broad base o Taking observations and cues in the environment that create behaviors and actions o Why people do what they do |
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| o Freud, concerned about unconscious drives and forces and how it affects us o Things that occur early in life o Takes 7 to 10 years of therapy to work everything out from past |
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| o Concerned about behaviors in terms of how we experience the fullness of life in the here and now o Very popular approach, that is quick, less time in therapy is needed |
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| o Understanding a person from their frame of reference, walking their shoes o Similar to humanistic o May be confusing o One of the most philosophical orientations |
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| o May see in case something of biological nature that could be influencing o Mind and body are linked |
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| o Somewhat under humanistic going to lead into cognitive |
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| o See things, think, feel, and behavior go into thinking o Aspects of mental behavior o Belief systems |
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Definition
| o Tend to believe how personality develops has a strong evolution component o Developed over time |
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| o Probable true supported by the evidence o Does what it says it does |
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Definition
| o From our observations of working with populations of professional clinicians o It seems to make sense to them, workable validity o From literature you can find clinical valid treatments o Example: client treatments, etc |
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| - Set of related assumptions that explain something like behaviors - Psychological systems - Example: phenomenological, medical, etc. |
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| - Does the theory seem consistent with what it is saying? - Is there a high level of clinical validity among practitioners? - Are people trying to make it valid in more ways? (laws) - Does it have common sense, can common people understand it? (simplicity) |
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Term
| 8 aspects of psychological theory (Principles of Personality) |
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Definition
| 1) All affected by elements we are aware and by elements we are not aware of as well (biases) 2) We are driven toward the development of identity or self 3) Unique biological makeup which makes us display individual tendencies 4) We are also conditioned and shaped by our environment and experience o changes how we see and respond o don’t get to choose the environment or experience o hopefully it nurtures the essence of you, you can suppress the essence but it will pop back up inappropriately |
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| § When you display tendencies from biology or genetics § genuine no one telling you what to do, body is doing it naturally - Holds true throughout your lifetime - Very important for parents to determine temperament early so you can nurture that essence |
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| · kind of experiences normal people in a culture experience · Example: public schooling, driving, getting married, having kids, finishing high school, etc. · People who have normative experiences help us relate and identify makes us alike by similarities · If you always have normative events you think shallow and superficial |
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| § Non-normative experiences |
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| · Events that occur that are atypical for your culture · People in psych mostly had non-normative events · Makes you stronger if they don’t kill you · Supports your essence, gives you passion, power, and strength · See things different from the crowd · Makes you individually rich, use it to make the world better · Non-normative can be positive events as well |
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| o Life data, obtained from records and historical data o Verifiable data, which is concrete o Gives info on how people are living their life o Educational data o Real life outcomes o Often affected by psychological variables o Some aren’t informative o Examples: levels of responsibility, ability to pay, consciousness, hold a job, etc. |
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| o Information from informants, references o A lot of rich and depth information o Different slant on data o Judgments and bias make it negative o Real word accounts of what they do o Common sense and practical o Reputations always count o Some internal info you can’t get |
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| o Self data, in which you use instruments to pick up about yourself o We often know ourselves the best, information only we know o Rate yourselves from experiences still bias though o Inner life is totally available to you o Overused because cheap and easy o Examples: Questionnaires and surveys, assessments, screenings, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| o Test data o Typically to see what you can do, not how you feel o What you perform not necessarily your score o Examples: non verbals, responses, and cues |
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Term
| Types of data (information) |
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Definition
| - L Data - I Data Expectancy effect |
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Definition
| - Phenomena where we take on the traits people put on us - Raise or lower yourself to fit within certain people - What you expect can come back to you - Another phenomena o Change from one environment to another and we may change ourselves as well - The more adaptive we are the better and less susceptible to expectancy effect |
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| - Born with temperament, early signs of personality - Takes 18 years of experiences and living life to develop our personality fully |
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| - Temperament is hardwired and it stays with you - Three basic early temperament styles o Fearful Child o Aggressive Child o Fearful Child |
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Definition
| § More fearful early § Drop back when something happens § Exaggerate danger, higher stress and anxiety levels § Feel uncomfortable and unsafe § More likely to grow up more avoidant of responsibility |
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| § Approach problems by trying to fight § Blame others § Strike out physically or verbally § Frustrated and angry |
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| § Bold child § They think they are always right § Social skills, very pleasant, don’t know a stranger § Don’t see danger in the world § Overprotective parents create major ramifications for the children, don’t instill fear § A gift but instill common sense |
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| - It drives our behavior - It influences the growth and develop of character (pattern) - Influences which skills we are naturally drawn to develop - Dynamic, not static, always influenced by your environment - When you use your talents and you become a motivated and energetic person, it feels natural to you - As we grow and develop our temperament and essence stays the same |
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| - love to be more alike than different, but attracted to opposites, brings high passion but burns quickly, the more you understand yourself the better off you are, you take what you are lacking from someone else, don’t rebound: jump into what you need at the moment, very temporary |
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| - head is into what they are working on - solely focused - and very difficult for them to be distracted from their task - externally focused - important is what is real - often enjoy reality shows |
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