The kidney filters out our blood and regulates blood pressure

1.  blood enters the renal artery

2.  divides and gives rise to segmental arteries

3.  between the pyramids are the interlobar arteries

4.  arcuate arteries curve like an arch over the pyramids

5.  gives rise to interlobular arteries

6.  gives rise to afferent arterioles

7.  gives rise to the glomerulus, a capillary

8.  leaves through the efferent arterioles

true or false

Juxtamedullary nephrons account for more than 80% of the nephrons

true or false

Podocytes make up the filtration membrane exclusively

true or false

The kidneys are located in the lower abdominal cavity at the L5 to S3 region

1. Removal of nitrogenous wastes

a.  urea and ammonia

b.  creatinine

c.  uric and nucleic acid

2.  Regulation of ions in the blood

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HPO42-

3.  Regulation of acid-base balance of blood (pH)

*H+ excreted, and HCO3- conserved

*Blood pH is kept at 7.4

4.  Regulation of volume and pressure

*increased volume=increased pressure

*decreased volume=decreased pressure

Secretion of renin activates the renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism.  This tells the kidneys to conserve water.

5.  Produces erythropoietin

*If O2 levels are too low, it tells the body to produce RBC's

6.  Detoxification of drugs

7.  maintains blood glucose through gluconeogenesis

Urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by

a)  ADH

b)  renin

c)  angiotensin 11

d)  prostaglandin E2

All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules except

a)  filtration

b)  reabsorption

c)  secretion

d)  formation of urine

The renal______ is continuous with the ureter

a)  glomerulus

b) medulla

c)  pelvis

d)  cortex

________ makes up 80% of the nephrons

Which of the following statements about the urinary system are incorrect?

a) It carries out the majority of glucogenesis in the body

b)  It produces erythropoietin that stimulates RBC formation

c)  It produces renin that helps regulate blood pressure

a

Micturition is

a)  only present in males

b)  a sacral reflex

c)  production of urine

d)  secretion of acid

Major calyces are

a) cone-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla

b)  large branches of the renal pelvis

c)  the expanded ends of the renal pyramids

d)  basic functional units of the kidney

filter blood

regulate blood pressure

true or false

The myogenic control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched

All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules except

a)  reabsorption

b)  filtration

c)  formation of urine

d)  secretion

Filtration at the glomerulus is inversely related to

a)  water absorption

b)  CHP

c)  arterial blood pressure

d)  acidity in urine

Damage to the renal medulla would first interfere with the functioning of the

a)  glomerular capsules

b)  distal convuluted tubules

c)  collecting ducts

d)  PCT

The glomerular capillaries differ from other capillary networks in the body because they

a)  have a larger area of anastomosis

b)  are derived from and drain into arterioles

c)  are not made of endothelium

d)  are sites of filtrate formation

ADH, which stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water

Aldosterone, which regulates Na+ and K+ secretion by the kidneys

The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the

a)  renal corpuscle

b)  collecting system

c)  nephron

d)  papilla

What is GFR regulated thru?

3 things

1.  Renal autoregulation

Maintains GFR despite changes in BP

a.  constriction and dilation of afferent arteriole

As BP increases afferent arteriole constricts, which reduces blood flow

As BP decreases afferent arteriole dilates, which increases blood flow

b. macula densa if GFR increased afferent arterioles constrict, if nitric oxide is not present afferent arterioles constrict

2.  Sympathetic nerve fibers norepinephrine causes afferent and efferent arterioles to constrict, reducing GFR and urine production

3.  Hormonal control

Angiotensin11= vasoconstriction, released when blood volume is too low, decreases GFR

Atrial natruretic peptide=Peptide made by the atrium of the heart, this gets released when blood volume is too high, increases GFR

The primary role of the PCT is to:

a) filter the blood plasma

b) reabsorb tubular filtrate

c)  secrete ADH

d)  secrete H+ ions and sodium bicarbonate back into tubular fluid

filters=water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and nitrogenous wastes

restricts=plasma proteins, RBC's and platelets

GFR is regulated mostly by

a) autoregulation

b)  autonomic regulation

c)  hormonal regulation

d)  all of the above

If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the GFR

a)  does not change

b)  decreases

c)  can't be determined

d)  increases

The most abundant intracellular cation is

a) phosphate

b)  sodium

c)  potassium

d)  bicarbonate

A urine sample is tested in the lab and the results show that sodium ions, urea, glucose, creatinine are present, which of the following statements is true?

a)  The glomerulus must not be properly filtering because creatinine should not be present

b)  The patient should have further testing because glucose should not be present

c)  The patient should be put on a low sodium diet because sodium ions should not be present

The blood supply to the nephron is

a) segmental artery

b) interlobular artery

c) renal artery

d) afferent arteriole

Presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate

a) untreated diabetes mellitus

b)  albuminuria

c)  trauma to the kidneys

d)  infection in the urinary tract

Arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment (1) ureter (2) renal pelvis (3) calyx (4) urinary bladder (5) urethra

a) 3,2,1,4,5

b)3,4,1,5,2

c) 1,2,3,4,5

d) 2,4,1,3,5

The basic functional unit of the kidney is

a) glomerulus

b)  renal corpuscle

c) major calyx

d)  nephron

After a long of working in the hot sun, James became dehydrated because he wasn't replenishing his fluids.  Which of the following is most important in regulating fluid intake

a) kidney

b) medulla oblongata

c) adrenal glands

d) hypothalamus

Which process results in increased GFR in response to hormone release?

a) myogenic mechanism

b) renin-angiotensin mechanism

c) adrenergic response

d) countercurrent mechanism

When the concentration of ADH increases

a) more salt is secreted by the nephron

b) less urine is produced

c) less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct

d) the specific gravity of the urine decreases

The renal hilum lies on the _____ surface of the kidney

a) lateral

b) superior

c) medial

d) inferior

What is the main substance reabsorbed in the region of the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

a) H2o

b) Na+

c) NH4

d) K+

Which of the following is not a function of Angiotensin 11?

a) it is a potent vasoconstrictor

b) it causes glomerular messangial cells to contract

c) it directly causes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

c

Nephron cells that respond to the concentration of filtrate are

a) macula densa

b)  JGA

c)  alpha cells

d)  beta cells

Na+ reabsorption occurs where?

a) glomerulus

b) DCT

c) renal corpuscle

d) efferent arteriole

Which is reabsorbed in the PCT?

a) Na+

b) K+

c) a.a

d) all of the above

d

true or false

The macula densa is a receptor

What is true about ADH?

a) it promotes obligatory water reabsorption

b) it is secreted in response to an increase in extracellular fluid osmolality

c) it causes insertion of aquaporins in the PCT

d) it promotes Na+ reabsorption

The most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is

a) blood osmotic pressure

b) blood hydrostatic pressure

c) capsular osmotic pressure

d) negative pressure

What structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder?

a) urethra

b) prostate

c) ureter

d) renal pelvis

When the concentration of ADH increases

a) less urine is produced

b) more salt is secreted by the nephron

c) more urine is produced

d) the specific gravity of urin decreases

Which substance would have the lowest reabsorption rate?

a) glucose

b) amino acids

c) urea

d) potassium

1.  decreases GFR-constricts afferent arterioles

2.  enhances reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, and water in PCT

3.  stimulates release of aldosterone-tells kidneys to reabsorb Na+, and Cl- in collecting duct

Which substance would not be expected in urine normally?

a) protein

b)  H2O

c)  Na+

d) Cl-

What is ANP stimulated by?

true or false

The stimulus for renin secretion is a drop is systemic blood pressure?

renin-angiotensin and ADH

true or false

reabsorption occurs through the tubule wall and into the peritublar capillaries

naturesis(rids Na+)

diuresis(rids water)

true or false

The ascending limb is impermeable to sodium chloride and actively transports water into the interstitial

true or false

BP in the glomerulus is higher than in other capillary beds

alcohol=inhibits ADH

caffeine=decreases reabsorption of Na+

lasix=allows kidneys to release more water

true or false

Blood is carried to the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

95% water

5% urea, NaCl,K,creatinine,and uric acid