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The Skeleton
Chapter 7
48
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/07/2011

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Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
  • consists of 80 named bones
  • forms longitudinal axis of body
  • includes: hyoid, vertebral column, & thoracic cage
Term
The skull
Definition
formed by cranial and facial bones
Term
Cranial bones
Definition

**Protect brain, attachment sites for forehead and neck muscles.

 8 bones:

  • Frontal (1)
  • Patietal (2)
  • Occipital (1)
  • Temporal (2)
  • Sphenoid (1)
  • Ethmoid (1)
Term
Frontal bone
Definition

* forms anterior cranium & superior part of orbits

* contains frontal sinuses

*thickened supraorbital margins deep to the eyebrows

*articulates posteriorly with parietal bones via coronal suture

Term
Parietal bones
Definition
  • 2 bones; form superior and lateral parts of skull
  • form superiorly to form the sagittal suture
  • artiulate posteriorly with occipital none via lambdoidal suture
  • articulate laterally with temporal bones iva squamosal suture
Term
Occipital Bone
Definition
  • articulates anteriorally with parietal bone via lambdodial suture and temporal bones via oscipitomastoid suture
  • foramen magnum allows brain stem to connect to spinal cord
  • occipital condyles articulate with 1st vertebra [atlas]; permit nodding (movement of the head) 
Term
Temporal Bones
Definition
  • 2 bones; form the inferolateral part of skull
  • articulates with occipital, parietal, sphenoid, zygomatic, and mandible
Term
Landmarks of Temporal Bone
Definition
  • zygomatic process: anterior projection; joins zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch
  • mandibular fossa: depression, recieves mandibular condyle
  • external acoustic meatus: ear canal
  • styloid process: needle-like projectionl attachment site of hyoid bone; muscles of neck and tongue
  • mastoid: contain mastoid sinuses
Term
Sphenoid Bone
Definition
  • 1 bone; bat-shaped; keystone of cranium
  • articulates with all other cranial bones
  • consists of a body and 3 pairs of processes [lesser and greater wings & pterygoid process]
Term
Landmarks of sphenoid bone
Definition
  • sella turcia: depression containing pitutitary gland
  • optical canal: passageway for optic nerves
  • superior orbital fissure: allows cranial nerves to enter and orbit
Term
Ethmoid Bone
Definition
  • separates the nasal cavity from the brain
  • Articulates with the frontal, the sphenoid, two Nasal bones, two maxillae, two lacrimals, two palatines, two inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer.
  • Landmarks:
  • cribiform plates: superior; contain olfactory formina thorough which olfactory nerves enter brain.
  • Crista galli: projects superiorly between the cribiformal.

 

Term

The hand bones

 

 

Definition

*The carpus, metacarpus, & phalanges

 

-Carpus: 2 rows of 8 carpals; articulates distally with metacarpus

-Metacrpus (palm): 5 metacarpals

-phalanges (phalanx)-fingers

Term

Pelvic Girdle

(coxal bones)

Definition
  • attaches lower limbs to the axial skeleton; less flexible, but more stable than pectoral girdle
  • each coxal bone composed of 3 fused bones: ilium[crest of hips], ischium[butt bone], pubic
Term
Ilium
Definition
  • superior; consists of body an dala (flared portion)
  • landmarks: 

Iliac crest {thickest superior margin of ala}

    Greater Sciatic notch {passageway for sciatic nerve}

    Auriculur Surface

Term
Ischium
Definition
  • Inferior; consists of body & ramus (joins to pubic creating the obturator foramen)
  • Landmarks
  1. Ischial spine: projects to pelvic cavity
  2. lesser sciatic notch: indentation ... spine
  3. ischial tuberosity
Term
Pubis
Definition
  • anterior; pubic bones joined anteriorly at pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)
  • pubic arch differs by sex
  • female: 80-90%
  • male: 50-60%
Term
Femur
Definition
  • articulates proximately with coxal bone and distally with tibia
  • femur is convex anteriorly 
  • proximal landmarks
  1. head: inserts into acetabulum
  2. neck: usually fractured when hip is broken
  3. greater trochanter: medial projection
  4. linea aspera: long vertical ridge on posterior shaft
  • distal landmarks
  1. medial/lateral condyles: articulates with tibia
  2. medial/lateral epicondyles: superior to condyles
  3. intercondylar fossa: posterior depression between condyles
  4. patellar surfact: articulates aneriorly with patella
 
Term
Tibia
Definition
  • medial; articulates proximately with femur and distally with Talus
  • proximal landmarks:
  1. medial/lateral condyles: articulates with condyles of femur
  2. tibial tuberosity: anterior projection; attachment site for patellar ligament
  • medial landmarks:
  1. anterior border
  • distal landmarks:
Term
Fibula
Definition

*thin, lateral; articulates proximately with tibia & distally with Tibia & Talus [ankle]

*proximal landmarks:

-head

*distal landmarks:

-lateral malleolus (lateral ankle)

Term
Foot bones
Definition

*tarsus: (7) body weight carried by primarily by 2 largest bones: Talus (ankle) & calcaneus (heel) 

*metatarsus: (5) articulates distally with phalanges

*phalanges

 

Term
fontanels
Definition

*soft spots

*fibrous membranes that allow compression of head at birth

*replaced with bone

1. anterior fontanel

2. posterior fontanel

3. sphenoid fontanel

4. mastoid fontanel

 

Term

maxilla

 

Definition

*upper jaw; fused medially; keystone of the face

*landmarks:

-alveolar margin: contains sockets for teeth

-palatine process- forms anterior 2/3 of hard palate

Term
Paranasal sinuses
Definition

*located in frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillae

*small openings connect sinuses to nasal cavity

(allows mucus drainage)

*functions to lighten skull & enhance resonance of voice

Term
Hyoid Bone
Definition

*single U-shaped bone; inferior to mandibleL anterior to vertebral column

*only bone that does not articulate with anything

*fracture = strangulation 

Term
divisions of vertebral column
Definition

*cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

*thoracic (T1-T12)

*lumbar (L1-L5)

*sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

*coccyx (4 fused vertebrae) 

 

-vertebrae held together by ligaments and separated by intervertebral discs

Term
cervical and lumbar curvatures are....
Definition

concave posteriorly

 

*curvatures increase resilience and

flexibility of spine 

Term
thoracic and sacral curvatures are...
Definition

convex posteriorly

 

*curvatures increase resilience and

flexibility of spine 

Term
scoleosis
Definition
abnormal lateral curvature of spine
Term
lordosis 
Definition
exaggerated thoracic curvature
Term
kyphosis
Definition
a curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back, which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture.
Term

 

Cervical Vertebrae 

Descriptions 

Definition
*body, spinous, vertebral foramen, transverse
Term
"Atlas"
Definition

*C1

*no body

*no spinous process 

(big vertebral foramen)

Term
"Axis"
Definition

*C2

*body has superior projection

*allows head to rotate

Term

Thoracic Vertebrae

descriptions

Definition

body

spinous 

vertebral foramen

transverse process

 

 

Term

Lumbar vertebrae 

descriptions

Definition

body

spinous 

vertebral foramen

Term
sacrum descriptions
Definition

*large triangular bone

*forms posterior wall of pelvis

Term
Coccyx description
Definition

(tailbone)

small triangular bone

Term
thoracic cage
Definition

*protects organs of thorax

*made up of sternum and ribs

1. Sternum: (breast bone)

-Manubrium: superior; articulates with clavicals & first 2 pair of ribs

-body: middle; articulates with 2nd-7th pair of ribs

-Xiphoid process: inferior

2. Ribs: articulates with thoracic vertebrae

-true ribs/vertebrosternal (1-7)

-false ribs: no direct attachment

-vertebrochondral (8-10)

-vertebral (11-12) not attached anteriorly

Term
Appendicular Skeleton 
Definition

*pectoral girdle

*upper limbs

*pelvic girdle

*lower limbs

Term
Pectoral girdle
Definition

-attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton

-includes: clavicles, scapulae

Term
Clavicles
Definition

-part of pectoral girdle

-"collar bones"

-attached medially to manubrium

-laterally to acromion process [enlarged end of spine; articulate with clavicle]

-function: holds arms out laterally

-easily fractured

Term

scapulae

 

Definition

-part of pectoral girdle

-"shoulder blades"

-triangular shaped, flat bone

-landmarks:

*glenoid cavity: articulates with humerus

*coracoid processs: anchors biceps muscle

Term
Humerus
Definition

-articulates proximately with scapula and distally with radius and ulna

-proximal landmarks:

*head: fits into glenoid cavity

-medial landmarks:

*deltoid tuberosity: attachment site of deltoid muscle

-distal landmarks:

*capitulum (lateral condyle; articulates w/ radius)

*trochlea (medial condyle; articulates w/ ulna)

*lateral & medial epichondyles

*olecranon fossa

Term
ulna
Definition

-medial

-proximal landmarks:

*olecranon (elbow)

*radial notch (depression; articulates w/

head of radius)

Term
Radius
Definition

-lateral

-proximal landmarks:

*head

*radial tuberosity: anchors biceps muscle

-distal landmarks:

*ulnar notch

*styloid process

 

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