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The Power of Critical Thinking: Chapters 1-5
includes fallacies
38
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
09/23/2009

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Term
genetic fallacy
Definition
arguing that a claim is true or false solely because of its origin (irrelevant premise)
Term
composition fallacy
Definition
arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole. (irrelevant premise)
Term
division fallacy
Definition
arguing what is true of the whole must be true of the parts (irrelevant premise)
Term
appeal to the person fallacy (ad hominem)
Definition
rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself (irrelevant premise)
Term
equivocation fallacy
Definition
the use of a word in two different senses in an argument (irrelevant premise)
Term
appeal to popularity fallacy
Definition
arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it (irrelevant premise)
Term
appeal to tradition
Definition
arguing that a claim must be true just because it's part of a tradition (irrelevant premise)
Term
appeal to ignorance
Definition
arguing that a lack of evidence proves something (irrelevant premise)
Term
burden of proof
Definition
weight of evidence or argument required by one side in a debate or disagreement (in the critical thinking sense)
Term
appeal to emotion fallacy
Definition
use of emotions as premises in an argument (irrelevant premise)
Term
red herring fallacy
Definition
the deliberate raising of an irrelevant issue during an argument (irrelevant premise)
Term
straw man fallacy
Definition
the distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying of someone's position so it can be more easily attacked or refuted (irrelevant premise)
Term
begging the question fallacy
Definition
the attempt to establish a conclusion of an argument by using that conclusion as a premise (unacceptable premise)
Term
false dilemma
Definition
asserting that there are only two alternatives to consider when there are actually more than two (unacceptable premise)
Term
slippery slope
Definition
arguing, without good reasons, that taking a particular step will inevitably lead to a further, undesirable step (unacceptable premise)
Term
hasty generalization fallacy
Definition
drawing a conclusion on a whole group based on an inadequate sample of the group (unacceptable premise)
Term
faulty analogy
Definition
because two or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further respect (unacceptable premise)
Term
gambler's fallacy
Definition
to think that previous events can affect the probabilities in the random event at hand
Term
background information
Definition
huge collection of very well supported beliefs that we all rely on to inform our actions and choices
Term
expert
Definition
someone who is more knowledgeable in a particular subject area or field than most others are
Term
appeal to authority
Definition
the fallacy of relying on the opinion of someone deemed to be an expert who in fact is not an expert
Term
Tip: personal experience
Definition
It's reasonable to accept the evidence provided by personal experience only if there's no good reason to doubt it
Term
perception and memory are "constructive"
Definition
what we perceive and remember is to some degree fabricated by our minds
Term
deductive argument
Definition
intended to provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion.
Term
inductive argument
Definition
intended to provide probable -not conclusive- support for its conclusion
Term
valid
Definition
a deductive argument that succeeds in providing such decisive logical support
Term
invalid argument
Definition
a deductive argument that fails to provide decisive logical support
Term
truth-preserving
Definition
the guarantee of truth in the conclusion of a deductively valid argument
Term
strong
Definition
an inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable -but not conclusive- logical support for its conclusion
Term
weak
Definition
an argument that fails to provide probable -but not conclusive- logical support for its conclusion
Term
sound
Definition
A deductively valid argument that has true premises
Term
cogent
Definition
an inductively strong argument with true premises
Term
affirming the antecedent (modus ponens)(valid)
Definition
If p, then q. p. Therefore, q.
Term
Denying the Consequent (Modus Tollens)(valid)
Definition
If p, then q. Not q. Therefore, not p.
Term
Hypothetical Syllogism (valid)
Definition
If p, then q.
If q, then r.
Therefore, if p, then r.
Term
affirming the consequent (invalid)
Definition
If p, then q.
q.
therefore, p.
Term
denying the antecedent (invalid)
Definition
If p, then q.
Not p.
Therefore, not q.
Term
Disjunctive Syllogism (valid)
Definition
Either p or q.
Not p.
Therefore, q.
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