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The Nature of Language
definitions
49
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/08/2008

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Term

What are the four factors that affect comprehension

1.negatives

2. passive voice

3. nested structures

4. ambiguity

Definition
1.negatives
2. passive voice
3.nested structures
4.ambiguity
Term
What are the basic building blocks of language
Definition
1.phonemes
2.morphemes
3. surface structure
4. deep structure
Term
What is the cognitive map
Definition
mental image of our external environment
Term
underlying meaning of a sentence
Definition
deep structure
Term
language rules, determines how sounds and words can be combined and has 2 components
Definition
grammar (syntax and semantics)
Term
particular words or phrases to make up a sentence
Definition
surface structure
Term
simple words, suffixes, prefixes
Definition
morphemes
Term
basic sound units; string together to make morphemes
Definition
phonemes
Term
concept
Definition
mental categories, classifying objects, people or experiences
Term
Information retrieval
Definition
idea that language affects ability to store and retrieve information and our ability to think about things
Term
Phrase Structure
Definition
we construct sentences by using hierachal structures like an upside down tree based on grammatical building blocks called constituents
Term
Phonemes, morphemes, surface structure, and deep structure
Definition
Building blocks of language
Term
Image
Definition
nonverbal, visual, olfactory, auditory, and mental representations
Term
Chomsky says we have an innate ability to learn language, true or false
Definition
true
Term
Constituents
Definition
grammatical building blocks consisting of phonemes, morphemes, surface and deep structure
Term
Syntax
Definition
grammatical rules of how we organize words into sentences; determined by word order
Term
Semantics
Definition
examines meaning of words and sentences and organized knowledge
Term
John is easy to please. John is eager to please is an example of
Definition
deep structure (only 1 word is different and there are 2 different meanings
Term
They are cooking apples. The lamb is too hot to eat are examples of what kind of sentence
Definition
Ambiguous sentences
Term
Represented by words that are actually spoken or written
Definition
surface sentences
Term
affects front of brain resulting in hesitant speech
Definition
Broca aphasia - difficulty in producing language
Term
Nested structures
Definition
phrases that are embedded within another sentence (run-ons)
Term
Passive Voice
Definition
surface structure may vary, but deep structure is similar Ex: The man bit the dog and The dog was bitten by the man.
Term
Negatives
Definition
if sentence contains "no," "not." "don't," or the word denies it requires longer processing
Term
Wernicke aphasia
Definition
serious difficulty understanding language and affects back of brain
Term
Transformation grammar
Definition
deep structure is converted to surface via transformational rules
Term
Left hemisphere function
Definition
performs most language processing; speech, perception, reading
Term
Right hemisphere function
Definition
interprets a messages' emotional tone, decodes metaphors and resolves ambiquities
Term
What is function of PET an MRI's
Definition
to highlight variety of brain regions responsible for language related activities
Term
Context affects comprhension and we read at what rate
Definition
250 to 300 wpm
Term
Metacomprehension
Definition
thinking about reading composition process
Term
The advantages of reading as opposed to speaking
Definition
readers control rate of input, can rescan material, written word is confined to words on page, and there are boundaries between words
Term
Discourse
Definition
long passages of spoken and written language units larger than a sentence, which includes, scripts, schemas and expertise and is bottom-up processing (mostly done in reading)
Term
Inferences
Definition
go beyond information supplied by writer; we draw on our worldly knowledge to activate information not explicitly stated and a reasonable conclusion is drawn
Term
What are the 4 primary things speech is designed to do
Definition
1.Gist - mentally plan meaning of message we intend to convey in speech (top-down)
2. General structure is devised without selecting exact words
3. Choose bothe words and forms (ie. eat, then am eating)
4. We convert these intentions into speech by articulatin the phonemes
Term
Word production involves 3 things
Definition
grammatical, semantic and phonological information
Term
Linearization
Definition
shapeless ideas must be translated ito a statement that has a disciplined, linear shape with words following one another in time. Problems arranging words in an ordered sequence is a "linearization Problem."
Term
Sound errors, morpheme errors and word errors are examples of what
Definition
Slips of the Tongue
Term
sounds in nearby words are exchanged. ex: snow flurries to flow snurries
Definition
Sound errors in sli[ of tongue
Term
When words are exchanged. ex: Writing to my sister to sister to my writing
Definition
Word errors in slip of tongue
Term
Smallest units are exchanged in nearby words. ex: self-destruct instruction to self-instuct destruction
Definition
morpheme errors in slip of tongue
Term
Social rules that underlie language; focuses on how speakers sucessfully communicate message to the audience, involves common ground (shared background) and understanding of directives ( a sentence that requests someone to do something)
Definition
Pragmatics
Term
What are the three phases of writing
Definition
1. planning
2. sentence generation
3. revising
Term
What are four factors that influence writing
Definition
1.social environment
2. physical environment
3. motivational factors
4. working memory (several components) and LTM is involved
Term
learns 2 languages at the same time
Definition
Simultaneous Bilinquals
Term
In everyday life a person who uses 2 languages that differ
Definition
Bilinguals
Term
uses more than 2 languages
Definition
Multilinguals
Term
Sequential bilingualism
Definition
native tongue is referred to as first language and non-native language is second language
Term
What are some advantages bilinguals have over monolinguals
Definition
Score higher on taks, more creative, greater mental flexibility, can communicate in 2 languages
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