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| The process by which a DNA molecule is copied |
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| Converting a non-lethal cell into a lethal one |
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| A virus that infects bacteria |
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| An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat and, for some viruses, a membraneous envelope. |
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| A form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide a spiral shape. |
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Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
5' --> 3' |
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| Types of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand. |
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| Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides. |
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| A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. |
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| An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands. |
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| Single-Strand Binding Proteins |
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| A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA. |
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| Helps relieve the strain of untwisting by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands. |
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| A short strech of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication. |
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| An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template. |
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| An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain. |
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| The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction. |
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| A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' --> 3' direction away from the replication fork. |
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| A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. |
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| A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication |
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| The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides |
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| An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its components nucleotides |
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| Nucleotide Excision Repair |
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| A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide. |
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| The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. |
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| An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in the eukaryotic germ cells. |
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| A small protein with a high proprotion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure. |
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| The basic, bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histones. |
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| A non-membrane bound region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated. |
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| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. |
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| Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed. |
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| The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription. |
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Highly variable, complex and specialized in purpose
Likely to be the genetic material |
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Frederick Griffith's Experiment
(1928) |
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Injected live bacteria into a rat; rat died
Boiled bacteria
Injected bacteria into rats; rats didn't die |
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Phage came in and attacked bacteria
Injects something
Bacteria goes through life cycle
Break out of bacteria
Infect more bacteria
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Question: Do phages use protein or DNA to take over bacteria?
Experiment:
Radiolabeled viral protein with S and infected bacteria
Blended the virus
Then centrofuged it
Results:
Radioactive part was at the top
Experiment:
Radiolabeled viral DNA with P and infected bacteria
Blended the virus
Then centrofuged it
Results:
Radioactive part was at the bottom
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Until the 1940’s, protein was considered the prime candidates as the “genetic material”. Why?
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| It occurs in the chromosomes and is complex |
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Frederick Griffith’s discovered “Transformation”. Transforming what?
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| Changing benign cells into deadly cells |
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Hershey and Chase (1952) worked with “phages”. What are phages?
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| Viruses that infect bacteria |
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Hershey and Chase (1952) discovered that phages inject what into bacteria?
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In DNA, phosphodiester bonds link what together?
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| Deoxyriboses and Phosphates |
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DNA is helical
Its width is 2 nanometers (nm)
The bases are stacked 0.34 nm apart
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| Segments of DNA that code for a particular function or character. |
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How does DNA carry information?
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In the order of its nucleotides |
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| Copying of DNA strands to make more DNA |
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| The two DNA strands run in opposite directions |
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| The Replication Fork Process |
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Definition
1.) DNA is untwisted by helicase
2.) Single-Stranded DNA binds to proteins to keep strand from retwisting
3.) One strand encodes the "Leading Strand" (5' --> 3')
* Uses DNA Polymerase 3
4.) The "Lagging Strand" forms in pieces: Okazaki Fragments
i.) RNA Primase puts down RNA primer
ii.) DNA Polymerase 3 puts down new DNA
iii.) DNA Polymerase 1 replaces RNA with DNA
iv.) DNA Ligase links the Okazaki Fragments
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