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| the representation of abstract or spiritual meanings through concrete or material forms |
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| a processional aisle around the outside of an apse in a basilica or, in a central-plan-church, encircling the central space |
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| musical form of chanting in which one side of the choir responds to the other |
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| the coming of God on the day of judgement |
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| the semicircular niche at the end of a nave of a Christian basilica containing the altar |
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| an early Christian church having a central nave, side aisles, and an apse at one or both ends |
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| a circular structure topped by a dome with an ambulatory around the central space |
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| the topmost zone of a wall of a basilica containing windows |
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| a principle or set of principles laid down by the Church as incontrovertibly true |
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| worldwide council of church leaders |
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| one who spreads the word of Jesus' life and resurrection |
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| a semicircular bay or niche |
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| gospels written by those who profess secret knowledge of Jesus' life |
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| opinion or doctrine at odds with orthodox belief |
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| a style in art in which the importance of figures is indicated by size, so that the most important figure is the largest |
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| the three-beat rhythm of Ambrose's hymns, consisting of three iambs (short-long) |
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| the idea, practice or doctrine of an iconoclast to destroy or ban religious images and their veneration |
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| the literal and figurative significance of an image |
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| the design of a Christian basilica with a long arm (nave) and three shorter arms- the apse and the arms of the transept |
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| a formulary according to which public religious worship is conducted |
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| the light encircling or emanating from the figure of a sacred person; an almond-shaped oval of light signifying divinity |
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| prophesied that the world will end in apocalypse |
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| religious group with secret initiation rituals |
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| the entrance hall of a Christian basilica |
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| the central space of a Christian basilica, usually flanked by aisles |
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a triangular curving vault section that supports a dome over a square space
e.g. the Hagia Sophia |
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| a technique for conceiving of space as extending forward from the picture plane with parallel lines converging on the eye of the beholder |
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| a round field for relief sculpture or painting |
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| a small, organized group that separates itself from the larger religious movement |
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| the reconciliation of different rites and practices into a single philosophy or religion |
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| gospels that tell the same stories, in the same sequence, often using the same words |
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| the four-part monarchy begun by Diocletian that divided the empire into two areas ruled by an Eastern and Western emperor, each with a designated successor |
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| the arm of the Latin cross church perpendicular to the nave |
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| a prefigurative/foreshadowing symbol |
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| the doctrine of prefigurative symbols, or types, in scriptural literature |
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| without instrumental accompaniment |
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| a type of decorative motif featuring elongated animals interlaced into serpentine ribbons |
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| a style of decoration featuring symmetrical design, interlaced organic and geometric shapes and animal motifs |
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| a curved molding formed by the voussoirs (wedge-shaped stones) making up the arch |
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| an elongated arched masonry structure spanning an interior space and shaped like a half cylinder |
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| a main section of a nave formed by the round arches of a vault |
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| a descriptive term that refers to the resemblance between highly decorated pages of medieval manuscripts and Turkish or Islamic carpets |
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| a type of French medieval epic poem; literally "song of heroic deeds" |
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| the code of conduct for a knight: courage in battle, loyalty to his lord and peers, and courtesy toward women |
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| a style of decoration in which strips of gold are set on edge to form small cells, which are filled with semi precious stones |
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| a rectangular courtyard, typically arcaded and dedicated to contemplation and reflection |
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| the duty of daily prayer recited by priests and other religious orders |
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| the economic system that prevailed in medieval Europe; related to the Roman custom of patronage and was based on land tenure and the relationship between the tenant and the landowner |
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| a type of polyphony in which the second voice moves in contrary motion to the base chant |
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| a type of liturgical chant popularized during the time of Charlemagne and still widely used until the 20th century |
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| the vertical elements on both sides of a door that support the lintel or arch |
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| a professional entertainer or minstrel who performed from court to court |
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| a compound phrase used in poetry to substitue for the name of a person or thing |
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| a chevalier guided by a strict unwritten code of conduct |
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| a short romance fusing supernatural elements and the courtly love tradition, sung by minstrels and accompanied by a harpe or lyre |
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| a story of adventure and love that pretended to be a true historical account of Charlemagne, King Arthur or Roman legend |
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| in later medieval chant, the practice of singing a single syllable to many notes |
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| a type of polyphony in which the second voice moves in contrary motion to the bass chant or adds numerous notes to individual syllables above the bass chant |
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| a song in which one or many voices sing a single melodic line with no harmony |
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| a type of castle consisting of a raised earth mound (motte) and the enclosed courtyard at its base (bailey) |
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| a simple chant form in which each syllable is sung to two or three notes |
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| a note in traditional Gregorian notation, usually indicated by a small square |
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| a type of polyphonic music consisting of voices singing note-to-note in parallel |
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| plain song; a liturgical chant |
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| music with two or more lines of melody |
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| in the feudal system, the right of the eldest son to inherit all property |
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| an object (bones, clothing or other possessions) venerated because of its association with a Christian saint or martyr |
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| a container used to protect and display relics |
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| an art historical period so called because the architecture incorporated elements of Roman architectural tradition |
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| the hall in which monks worked to copy and decorate biblical texts |
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| the same music repeated for each stanza of a poem |
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| a class of poets that flourished in the 11th through 13th centuries in southern France and northern Italy |
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| the column or post in the middle of a large door opening to aid in supporting the lintel |
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| the space created under the portal arch, often filled with sculptural relief |
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| a style of architecture that matched the decorative richness of stained glass with sculptural programs that were increasingly inspired by classical models of naturalistic representation |
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| literally "universal man"; a self-reliant, multitalented, freethinking individual e.g. Castiglione's "ideal gentleman" |
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| one who is devoted to the study of art and literature of Roman and Greek culture in order to cultivate one's own unique talents and abilities |
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the building up of color with many layers of transparent oil paint
e.g. Da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" |
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a system that depends on the observation that the haze in the atmosphere makes distant elements appear less distinct and bluish in color
e.g. Massacio's "The Tribute Money" |
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| in medieval universities, the language arts which included grammar, rhetoric and dialectic |
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an authoritative summary of all that is known on a traditional subject
e.g. Aquina's "Summa Theoligica" |
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a brand of theological inquiry based on the dialectical method
e.g. Thomas Aquinas |
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| a round window with mullions (framing elements) and traceries extending outward from its center in the manner of the petals of a rose |
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| in medieval universities, the mathematical arts which included music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy |
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a palace chapel
e.g. the Saint Chapelle in Paris |
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| a stone structure that extends from a wall and employs an arch to focus the strength of the buttress' support at the top of the wall |
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| a leaflike form that curves outward, with edges curling up; often added to pinnacles, spires and gables of cathedrals |
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| a pillar or other support typically built against an exterior wall to brace it and strengthen an interior vault |
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| a preliminary drawing for a fresco that is often elegantly filled out and perfected in charcoal |
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a rhyming pair of iambic pentameter lines
e.g. Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" |
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| the philosophy that human perfection is attainable through philosophical meditation; distinguishes Renaissance Platonism from its Greek antecedents |
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| scientific/linear perspective |
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| a technique that allowed artists to translate three-dimensional space onto a two-dimensional surface |
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the process of blurring outlines in painting by subtle tonal variations so the objects in the foreground blend into the background; literally "smokiness"
e.g. Da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" |
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a development of the French Gothic Style featuring increasingly flamboyant patterns of repeated traceries and ornaments
e.g. the Saint Chapelle in Paris |
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| a musical form that usually consists of three parts, with the melody in the highest register |
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| a fixed melody used as the basis of a polyphonic vocal work |
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a type of prayer book that usually begins with an illustrated calendar followed by pages of short prayers to be recited at designated times
e.g. Limbourg Brothers' "The Very Sumptuous Hours of the Duke of Berry" |
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| the language spoken in the streets |
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an interlocking three-line pattern invented by Dante Alighieri that uses the pattern: a/b/a, b/c/b, c/d/c and so on
e.g. Dante's "Divine Comedy" |
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| a type of painting process using a water-soluble material, such as egg yolks, instead of oil paint |
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| a hard-pointed, pen shaped instrument |
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a massacre of Jews
e.g. after the plague, people accused the Jews of causing God's wrath by going against him |
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| Italian/Petrarchian Sonnet |
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| a sonnet composed of 14 lines divided into two parts: an octave of 8 lines that present a problem, and a sestet of 6 lines that either attempts to solve the problem or accepts it as unsolvable; Petrarch perfected the form in his 300 poems in the "Canzoniere" |
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an association or group of people with like-minded interests or skills
e.g. merchants guild, lawyers guild |
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| the boundaries of the small sections of fresco that could be completed in a single day; often conformed to the contours of major figures and objects |
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| a type of fresco painting applied to dry wall |
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| a thick medium made of glue, gypsum, and/or chalk that creates smooth, sealed ground for painting |
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a collective of people gathered together for the common good
e.g. Siena in 1125 |
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| a social rank, namely the nobility, the clergy and the common people |
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a penitent who beats him/herself to atone for sin
e.g. after the plague, flagellants marched through the streets beating themselves to atone for whatever had caused "God's wrath" |
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| a type of painting applied to a wet plastered wall; made work less likely to fade or flake |
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| a full-size preparatory drawing for a final artwork, especially a fresco or painting |
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| a building in which bones or bodies of the dead were stored |
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| a central circular opening of a dome |
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| a type of scientific/linear perspective in which all lines appear to converge at a vanishing point on the horizon |
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| a palace, especially when a large urban dwelling |
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| the two-dimensional surface of the panel or canvas |
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| the ideal spiritual relationship between two people |
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| the undertaking of difficult tasks as if effortlessly and with an attitude of nonchalance |
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| the point on the horizon where lines of perspective meet |
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| the position from which something is viewed |
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| a building standing in front of the cathedral that is used for baptisms |
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| a religious brotherhood for laypeople designed to promote their common religious life |
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| a technique used to suggest that forms are receding sharply |
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| a windowed turret at the top of a dome that covers the oculus |
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| a polyphonic form consisting of three (sometimes four) voices |
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a very small painting
e.g. the Limbourg brothers' "The Temptation of Christ" |
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a religious order whose members do not hold property or engage in business
e.g. Dominicans and Franciscans |
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the detailed, hand-painted decoration of manuscripts, usually in tempera on vellum
e.g. Book of Hours |
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| knoblike architectural form; also found on furniture |
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a method of teaching/learning that juxtaposes different points of view and seeks to reconcile them
e.g. Abelard teaching in Paris |
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an opposing element
e.g. the separate parts in polyphonic music |
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