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| The reproduction of cells |
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An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell
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| Total DNA content of a cell or organelle. |
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| DNA in a complex with proteins |
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| Sex or reproductive cells |
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| Two copies of replicated chromosomes held together by a centromere |
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| A region containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid |
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| The division of the genetic material in the nucleus |
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| The division of the cytoplasm |
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| Begin to form in the cytoplasm during prophase |
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| The microtubule organizing centers |
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| A radical array of short microtubules |
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| A structure of proteins associated with speficif sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere |
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An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located
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| Cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells |
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| A shallow in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate |
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| A memebrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
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| A method of asexual reproduction |
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| Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins |
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| Cell Cycle Control System |
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| A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events inthe cell cycle |
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| The control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle |
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| A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, somethimes reversibily |
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| A protein that gets its name from its cycally fluctuating concentration in the growing cell |
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| Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks) |
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| A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin |
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| The cyclin-Cdk complex that was discovered first (in frog eggs) |
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| A protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide |
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| Density-Dependent Inhibition |
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| A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing |
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| The requirement that a cell must be attacked to a substratum in order to initiate cell division |
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| The process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell |
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| Nonlife threatening tumor |
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| Cells whose genetic and cellular changes enable them to spread to new tissues and impair the functions of one or more organs |
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| Telophase and Cytokinesis |
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- A nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus
- The nucleus contains 1+ nucleoli
- 2 centrosomes have formed by duplication of a single centrosomes
- Centrosomes: regions in animals cells that organize the microtubules of the spindle
- Each centrosome contains two centrioles
- Chromosomes, duplicated during S Phase
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Definition
- The chromatin fibers becomes more tightly coiled
- The nucleoli disappear
- Each duplicated chromosome appears as 2 sister chromatids joined at their centromeres
- The miotic spindle begins to form
- Composed of: centrosomes and microtubules
- Microtubules extend from centrosomes called asters
- Centrosomes move away from themselves
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Definition
- The nuclear envelope fragments
- The microtubules extending from each centrosomes can now invade the nuclear area
- Chromosomes are even more condensed
- Each of the two chromatids of each chromosomes has a kinetochore
- Microtubules attach to the kinetochore which cause a push and pull with the chromosomes
- Nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those from the opposite pole of the spindle
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Definition
- Centromeres are opposite of the cell
- Chromosomes convene at the metaphase plate
- Chromosomes' centromeres are at the metaphase plate
- For each chromosome, te kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles
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- Shortest phase state of mitosis
- Begins when the cohesin proteins are cleaved
- Allows the two sister chromatids of each pair to part suddenly
- Each chromatid thus becomes a full-fledged chromosome
- Chromosomes begin moving towards opposite ends of the cell
- Kinetochore microtubules shorten
- Cell elongates and nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen
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Definition
- 2 daughter nuclei form
- Nuclear envelopes arise from fragments of parent's nuclear envelope
- Nucleoli reappear
- Chromosomes become less condensed
- Remaining spindle microtubules are depolymerized
- Mitosis is now complete
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- The division of the cytoplasm is usually well under way by late telophase, so the two daughter cells appear shortly after the end of mitosis
- In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage furrow, which pinches the cell in two.
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