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| a theory of evolution that states that adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals to survive and reproduce |
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| random genetic variations that lead to differences among individuals in physical traits |
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| studies the ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior |
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| a category of biological classification consisting of related organisms who are capable of interbreeding |
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| a stereotyped pattern of behavior |
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| traits transfer from parent to offspring through genes |
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| the area of biology that focuses on heredity |
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| concerned with the genetic transmission of traits that give rise to patterns of behavior |
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| attempts to identify specific genes that are connected with behavior and mental processes |
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| most basic building blocks of heredity |
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| made up of strings of genes that transmit hereditary traits from generation to generation. humans have 46! |
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| forms the basic material of chromosomes; shaped as a double-helix, and contains genetic code |
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| traits that are influenced by combinations of genes |
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| your full genetic potential, determined by the sequencing of the chemicals in DNA |
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| one's actual development and appearance, as based on one's genotype and environmental influences |
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| the inborn, innate character of an organism |
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| the sum total of the environmental factors that affect an organism from conception onward |
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| the 23rd pair of chromosomes, whose genetic material determines that sex of the individual |
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| a condition caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair, and characterized by mental deficiency, broad face, and slanting eyes |
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| identical twins; develop from a single fertilized egg that devides in 2 early in the prenatal development |
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| twins that develop from 2 fertilized ova, identical twins |
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| remove dead neurons and waste from nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and direct their growth |
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| rootlike structures, attached to cell body, receive impulses from other neurons |
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| a long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons from branching structures |
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| a fatty substance that encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission of neural impulses |
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| sensory neurons- neurons that transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain |
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| motor neurons- transmit messages from brain or spinal cords to muscles and glands |
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| the electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell or neuron |
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| to ready a neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the body fluid outside the cell membrane |
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| when the neuron is at rest, the electrical potential across the neural membrane |
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| the area of entry becomes positively charged |
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| the electrical impulse that provides the basis of the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron |
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| every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. either it fires or it doesnt |
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| a phase following firing during which a neuron is less sensitive to messages from other neurons and will not fire |
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| a junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron |
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| chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another |
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| a location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a neurotransmitter |
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| neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions |
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| a part of the limbic system of the brain that is involved in memory formation |
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| a neurotransmitter that is involved in voluntary movements, learning and memory, and emotional arousal |
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| a neurotransmitter that speeds up the heart rate, learning and memory, and eating |
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| a neurotransmitter, involved in emotional arousal and sleep |
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| a neurotransmitter that is inhibitory, and too little causes anxiety |
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| neurotransmitters that are composed of amino acids and that are functionally similar to morphine |
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| a bundle of axons from many neurons |
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| the brain and the spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| the part of the nervous system consisting of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system |
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| sensory and motor neurons. transmits messages about sights, sounds, smells, temp, and body positions to the central nervous system |
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| regulates the glands and muscles of internal organs. controls involuntary movements (automatic) |
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| branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during emotional responses that spend the body's reserves of energy |
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| the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes such as digestion that restore the body's reserves of energy |
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| a column of nerves with the spines that transmits messages from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to muscles and glands throughout the body |
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| an unlearned response to a stimulus that many involve only 2 neurons |
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| a neuron that trasmits a neural impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron |
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| in the spinal cord, the grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflexes |
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| in the spinal cord, axon bundles that carry messages from and to the brain |
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| an injury that results in impaired behvavior or loss of a function |
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| an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat and respiration |
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| a structure of the hindbrain involved in respiration, attention, and sleep and dreaming |
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| a part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance |
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| reticular activating system (RAS) |
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| a part of the brain involved in attention, sleep, and arousal |
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| an area near the center of the brain involved in the relay of sensory information to the cortex and in the fuctions of sleep and attention |
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| a bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation, and emotion |
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| a group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum |
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| a part of the limbic system that apparently facilitates stereotypical aggressive responses |
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| the large mass of the forebrain, which consists of 2 hemispheres |
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| the wrinkled surface area of the cerebrum |
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| a thick fiber bundle that connects the hemispheres of the cortex |
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| lies to the front of the central tissue |
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| lies just behind central fissure |
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| lies below the lateral fissures, near the temples of the head |
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| lies behind and below the parietal lobe, and behind temporal lobe |
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| the section of cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected |
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| neural impulses in the motor cortex are linked to muscular responses throughout the body |
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| a disruption in the ability to understand or produce language |
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| a language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language |
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| a language disorder characterized by slow speech |
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| temporary disturbances of brain functions that involve sudden neural discharges |
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| an organ that secretes one of more chemical substances such as hormones, saliva, or milk |
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| the body's system of ductless glands that secret hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream |
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| a substance secreted by an endocrine glad that regulates various body functions |
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| the gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, antidiuretic hormone, and other hormones |
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| a pituitary hormone that regulates growth |
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| a pituitary hormone that regulates production of milk and maternal behavior |
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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| conserves body fluids by increasing reabsorption of urine and is connected with paternal behavior in some mammals |
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| a pituitary hormone that stimulates labor and lactation |
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| a pineal hormone that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle and may affect the onset of puberty |
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| the thyroid hormone that increases metabolic rate |
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| steroids produced by the adrenal coretex that regulate carbohydrate metabolism and increase resistence to stress by fighting inflammation and allergic reactions |
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| adrenaline- a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that stimulates sympathetic ANS activity |
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| a male sex hormone produced by the testes that promotes growth of male sexual characteristics and sperm |
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| a generic term for several female sex hormones that promote growth of female sex characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle |
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| a female sex hormone that promotes growth of the sex organs and helps maintain pregnancy |
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