Term
| Target tissues of the GVE |
|
Definition
Smooth and Cardiac muscle
glandular epithelium |
|
|
Term
| GVE cell bodies are absent in |
|
Definition
cervical
lower lumbar
coccygeal levels |
|
|
Term
| Only type of regulation in GVE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Target tissues recieve two types of efferent neurons |
|
Definition
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Two neurons between CNS and target tissues. _____________ neuron synapses with ____________ neuron in the ________ |
|
Definition
| myelinated preganglionic neuron synapses with nonmyelinated posganglionic neuron in the ganglion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by excitation and inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| slow attempt to preseve constant internal environment at cellular level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the sympathetic division, _____ is the rule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collection of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collection of nerve cell processes (axons) outside the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collection of nerve cell processes inside the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| predominates in animals in a quiescent state in which enegery previously expended can be restored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| active in response to stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic: Constriction of skin and visceral blood vessels and |
|
Definition
| dialation of skeletal muscle blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: increased cardiac rate and output in addition to |
|
Definition
| increased coronary vascular dilation |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: evevated blood sugar and overal metabolic rate; |
|
Definition
| release of glucose from liver |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: mydiasis and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic: decreased GI motitlity and |
|
Definition
| contraction of GI and urinary sphincters |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: expulsion of blood from the spleen and |
|
Definition
| decreased coagulation time |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: bronchodilation and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic: increase in skeletal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic division has continuous effects on |
|
Definition
| cardiovascular function such as BP |
|
|
Term
| if sympathetic output to smooth muscle in blood vessels was blocked, |
|
Definition
| blood vessels would dialate and fall to a dangerously low level. |
|
|
Term
| The divisions of the ANS are antagonistic, but are synergistic in that the ______ level of discharge of each allows for the status of an organ in any given moment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes increase in rate and force of contraction |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic heart input |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only receive sympathetic input |
|
Definition
sweat glands
adrenal medulla
piloerectors
many blood vessels |
|
|
Term
tonic background activity
makes it so that activity can be increased and decreased due to rate of firing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sypathetic:
cell bodies for PREganglionic neurons are located in the spinal cord in the ____________ of the grey matter in the ______ area of the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
intermediate/Lateral horn of the grey matter;
thoracic and upper lumbar |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic: GVE fibers from spinal cord segements do not necessarily innervate the same areas of the body as the GSE fibers _______ |
|
Definition
| arising from the same cord segments |
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
The GVE fibers exit the CNS in spinal ______ and enter the ____________. |
|
Definition
spinal nerves;
sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
PREganglionic fibers leave their repective ventral roots as ______ to enter and form the sympathetic trunk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
Although the trunk extends from cranial to sacral areas of the spinal cord, it receives PREganglionic fibers only from the _______ segments of the cord for sympathetic distribution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
In dogs there is _____ ramus; it contains both white (myelinated) and gray (relatively unmyelinated) fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
the preganglionic fibers may pass through the rami to synapse in the ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sympathetic: paravertebral ganglia:
postganglionic fibers travel to viscera |
|
Definition
| head, neck, thoracic cavity and body wall. |
|
|
Term
synaptic: paravertebral ganglia
postganglionic fibers are _______ often distributed along with ___________ nerves. as much as 10% of the fibers in a peripheral skeletal nerve branch are GVE. |
|
Definition
unmylinated
somatic peripheral nerves. |
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
In the cervical region, the paravertebral ganglia coalesce to form 3 large ganglia: |
|
Definition
cranial cervical
middle cervical
cervicothoracic |
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
in domestic animals, the caudal cervical ganglion and first few thoracic ganglia combine to form the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
Some preganlionic fibers may ascend and/or descend in the _________ before synapsing in a paravertebral ganglion for final distribution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
in the ascent or descent, the preganglionic fiber may |
|
Definition
| synapse in several ganglia |
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
some preganglionic fibers pass through the rami and then out into peripheral nerves wehre they will synapse in _______ (or prevertebral) ganglia and then supply the ______ and _________. |
|
Definition
collateral ganglia,
abdominal and pelvic viscera. |
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
A few preganglionic fibers pass all the way out to the synapse in ________ which are located in organ walls such as the bladder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
one preganglionic fiber will synapse with _____ postganglionic fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic nerves in ______ present a special case. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers travel all the way out to the adrenal glands where they synapse in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
cells in the medulla
derived from neural tissue |
|
Definition
| specialized postganglionic cells |
|
|
Term
sympathetic:
medulla cells support neural activity by their secretion of |
|
Definition
epinephrine (adrenaline)
norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic:
preganlionic fibers have their cell bodies in the _____ and _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parasympathetic:
axons utilize sacral spinal nervers and (4) cranial nevres to distribute their activity |
|
Definition
oculomotor (III)
facail (VII)
hypoglossal (IX)
vagus (X) |
|
|
Term
| the majority of parasympathetic activity in an animal is a reult of activity in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic:
Vagus nerve origin |
|
Definition
| vegal motor nucleus in the medulla |
|
|
Term
parasympathetic:
vagus nerve utilizes primarily _____ for the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parasympathetic:
preganglionic parasympathetic axons travel out to the periphery to synapse in ________ or ________. |
|
Definition
collateral (prevertebral)
or terminal ganglia |
|
|
Term
parasympathetic:
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX use specific named _________ in the head, whereas the vagus nerve utilizes mostly terminal ganglia in viscera of the _____________/ |
|
Definition
collateral ganglion in the head;
thoracic and abdominal cavities |
|
|
Term
parasympathetic:
preganglionic cell bodies for the sacral division are located in the __________ of the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parasympathetic:
axons from the cell bodies (sacral division in grey matter) pass out in the ________ of sacral spinal nerves to form the _______ and terminate in the pelvic ganglia or in terminal ganglia. these fibers are distributed to the urinary bladder, descending colon, rectum, or sex organs. |
|
Definition
ventral roots;
pelvic plexus |
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic:
Edignger-Westphal
ciliary ganglion
regulate lens curvature, muscles of iris, puillary constriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
parasympathetic:
Rostral salivatory
pterygopalatine ganglion: lacrimal, nasal and palatine glands- secretion vasodilation.
Sublingual and mandibular ganglion: sublingula and mandibular glands- secretion, vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic:
Caudal salivatory
Otic ganglion: parotid and orbital salivary glands- secretion and vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic:
Dorsal efferent nucleus of ****
terminal ganglion: cervical, thoracic, abdominal viscera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at high levels, autonomic function is controlled by _______ in the _______. |
|
Definition
reticular formation;
mesencephalon, pons, medulla |
|
|
Term
| at highest levels, autonomic function is controlled by |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus and cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Brainstem areas conrtol such functions as: |
|
Definition
Blood pressure
heart rate
glandular secretion,
peristalsis in gut,
lower urinary tract activities |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory activities are controlled by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| control temp regulation, water balance, food intake, emotional responses, sexual activity, and endocrine functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symp and parasymp preganglionic neurons |
|
|
Term
| all postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cholnergic sympathetic postganglionic fibers |
|
Definition
sweat glands
cutaneous
muscle blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic pastganglionic fibers are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscarinic receptors are blocked by ______, a parasympatholyic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic and neuromusclar junctions in skeletal muscle are ____ receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic receptors are blocked by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nicotinic receptors at NMJs are ______ from postganglionic neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic receptors on autonomic ganglion cells are _______ that mediate a so-called fast _______ (much like nicotinic receptors at the NM juction) |
|
Definition
ligand-gated ion channels;
EPSP |
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic acetylycholine receptors on ganglion cells are members of the ______ and mediate slower synaptic responses |
|
Definition
| 7-transmembrane G-protien-linked receptor family |
|
|
Term
| The primary action of muscarinic receptors in autonomic ganglion cells is to close _______, making neurons more excitable and generating a prolonged _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ act in concert with the muscarinic activities and serve as co-neurontransmitters at ganglionic synapses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic receptors vary according the subtypes of muscarinic _______ receptors found in the peripheral target. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M1 receptors are found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M2 receptors are found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic receptors are coupled to a variety of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms that modify |
|
Definition
| K and Ca channel conducatances |
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic receptors can also activate _____, which promotes local release of ___ in some parasympathetic target tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release ______ at their terminals such as _______ or ______. |
|
Definition
peptides,
substance P, or NO |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic fibers that release peptiteds are referred to as |
|
Definition
non-adrenergic,
non-cholinergic |
|
|
Term
| the majority of postganglionic sympathetic fivers are _______ and release ________. |
|
Definition
adrenergic,
norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| After norepinephrine is released, it is. taken up into terminals by ______, picked up by ______, or acted up by enzymes such as _____ or _______. |
|
Definition
active transport;
blood;
monamine oxidase
catechol-o-methyl transferase |
|
|
Term
| Epinephrone excites both types of receptors (alpha and beta) wheras norepinephrone has a much stronger effect on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| their affinity for catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| Beta 1 receptors respond equally strong to |
|
Definition
| norepinephrine and epineprhine |
|
|
Term
| beta 2 receptors are more sensitive to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excite some adrenergic effectors and inhibit others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catecholamine binding to alpha1 receptors activates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Alpha1:
phospholipase C and IP3 activation creates intracellular Ca signals by _______ channels in the cell membrane, or _______from intracellular stroes |
|
Definition
opening ca channels;
releasing |
|
|
Term
| in general, activation of a1 receptors causes |
|
Definition
| muscle contraction or secretion by exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Activated Alpha2 receptors decreas________ and cause ________ (GI tract) or _______ (pancreas) |
|
Definition
cyclic AMP
smooth muscle contraction
decreased secretion |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamines binding to Beta receptors activate _______ and triggger _______ of intracellular proteins. |
|
Definition
Cyclic AMP;
posphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Activation of ______ receptors by norepinerphrine or epinephrine enhances cardiac muscle contraction and speeds up electical conduction in cardiac muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of _____ receptors by epineprhine results in smooth muscle relaxation in many tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are autonomic neurons that are both non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic. their neurotransmitter may be |
|
Definition
substance P
somatostatin
vasactive intestinal peptide
adenosine
nitric acid
ATP |
|
|
Term
| Modified autonomic ganglion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse on modified postganglionic cells of the medulla called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chromaffin cells secrete ______ into general circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine, by attaching to adrenergu receptors, support the norepinephrine that is released by _________ |
|
Definition
| postganglionic neurons and neuroeffector junctions. |
|
|
Term
| blood borne epinephrine have similar effects as sympathetic stimulation but |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Directly stimulate cholinergic recptors on autonomiv effectors. |
|
Definition
acetylcholine
pilocarpine
methacholine
(parasympathomemetics) |
|
|
Term
| attatch to muscarinic receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibit acetylchoniesterase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| negaitve effect on nm junction because it attaches to muscarinic receptors and block the action of acetylcholine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine excites ____ receptors particularly well. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beta agonist with some alpha activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha agonist taken up bu the nerve endings then released upon stimulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only inhibitor of acetylcholine release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| promote the release of endogenous norepineprhine (acting on autonomic nerve endings) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blocks they synthesis and storage of norepinephrine (autonomic nerve ending) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blocks norepinephrine release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic receptors blocked (acting on autonomic ganglia) |
|
Definition
hexamethonium
mecamylamine |
|
|
Term
| loss of sympathetic innervation to the head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
enopthalmos
drooping of upper eyelid
protrusion of third eyelid
miosis of pupil
ipsilateral to side of lesion.
vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| administered to the eye to assist in loacting the site of the injury by measuring the time it takes the pupil to dialate. occus outside the brain-20 min, inside brain or spinal cord- 30-40 min. |
|
Definition
|
|
