Term
|
Definition
| logical processes that allow for flexible thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, lasting from birth to about age 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, lasting from birth to about age 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proceeding from particular to particular in thought, without making generalizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gathering individual items of information and putting them together to form hypotheses or conclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beginning with a hypothesis or premise and breaking it down to see if it is true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of trying to link ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the preoperational belief that inanimate objects have human-like properties and emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of children to focus attention on one detail and their inability to shift attention to other aspects of the situation |
|
|
Term
| concrete operational stage |
|
Definition
| the third stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, lasting from ages 7 to 11 or 12. |
|
|
Term
| hierarchical classification |
|
Definition
| the ability to divide objects into nested series of categories |
|
|
Term
| class inclusion relationships |
|
Definition
| understanding that objects can be fit into different levels of hierarchies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to solve problems such as "Tom is taller than Fred, and Fred is taller than Marty. Is Tom taller than Marty?" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of lining things up in order from large to small or small to large |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tests used by Piaget to determine whether children had mastered concrete operations, such as understanding that changing an object's appearance does not alter its fundamental properties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fourth stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, during which people develop abstract thought independent of concrete objects. |
|
|
Term
| hypothtico-deductive reasoning |
|
Definition
| a way to solve problems using the scientific method; only one factor at a time is varied while all else is held constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insisting upon high standards of behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discrepancy between what people say and do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to approach problems at much to complex a level and to fail, not because the tasks are difficult, but because they're too simple. Adolescents appear stupid when they are, in fact, bright but not yet experienced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to take the perspective of another or to imagine the other person's point of view |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adolescents' belief that others are constantly paying attention to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adolescents' belief that they are invulnerable and that their feelings are special and unique |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking about one's thoughts and feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an advanced form of reasoning that allows one to create new and better insights by integrating conflicting data |
|
|
Term
| information-processing approach |
|
Definition
| an approach to studying cognition that focuses on the perception, attention, retrieval, and manipulation of information |
|
|
Term
| sensory storage (sensory memory) |
|
Definition
| the process by which information is received and transduced by the senses, usually in a fraction of a second. |
|
|
Term
| short-term storage (short-term memory) |
|
Definition
| the process by which information is still in the conscious mind, being rehearsed and focused on (also called primary memory) |
|
|
Term
| long-term storage (long-term memory) |
|
Definition
| the process by which information is perceived and processed deeply so it passes into the layers of memory below the conscious level (also called secondary memory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pace at which the brain perceives and manipulates information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to develop new thoughts from old information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conscious, deliberate manipulation of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strategy used to disprove |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strategy used to confirm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looking for evidence that disproves a hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looking for examples that match a hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looking at the world in a way that favors one's own opinion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| logical, constrained, useful thinking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abstract, theoretical guidelines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to think about one's own thought processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to monitor and direct one's thought processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules of thumb, general strategies or principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory of decision making that says that adolescents can logically and analytically make choices, but that they often rely upon intuition and short-term benefits instead. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory of decision making that says that adolescents can logically and analytically make choices, but that they often rely upon intuition and short-term benefits instead. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one's beliefs about knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believing that there are absolute, universal truths; creates difficulty in distinguishing fact from opinion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believing that there are absolute truths but people are biased; differentiates between opinion and fact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who cling rigidly to one belief. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who reject rationality |
|
|
Term
| post-skeptical rationalism |
|
Definition
| the belief that truth is constructed but that some beliefs are more valid than others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the largest part of the human brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fibrous band of tissue that connects the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cerebral lobe that is the center for solving problems involving spatial relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cerebral lobe that is the center for higher-order thought processes, such as planning and impulse control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cerebral lobe that is the center for producing and understanding language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the brain involved with learning, memory, and motivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the brain that creates primitive emotional responses to the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to cognitive development that focuses on the measurement of knowledge and thinking ability |
|
|
Term
| intelligence quotient (IQ) |
|
Definition
| calculated by dividing the mental age (MA) by the chronological age (CA) and multiplying by 100. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tests designed to assess mastery of specific subject matter or skills |
|
|
Term
| naturalistic intelligence |
|
Definition
| the ability to identify plants and animals |
|
|
